Philosophies and Theories for Advanced Nursing Practice Janie B. Butts and Karen L. Rich Test Bank Chapter1-26(Complete Questions & Answers)

Philosophies and Theories for Advanced Nursing Practice: Test Questions(T.B) --- **Chapter 1 – Philosophy of Science: An Introduction** i. Why are natural sciences sometimes called “pure” sciences? A. They are regarded as distinct bodies of knowledge. B. They are the only sciences where the scientific method is applicable. C. They are the foundational sciences upon which others are built. D. They are less influenced by subjectivity compared to other sciences. **Answer: A** ii. Which of the following is not typically classified as an applied science in healthcare? A. Social work B. Psychotherapy C. Study of healthcare disparities D. Pathology **Answer: D** iii. Roberta believes that individual experiences are the primary source of knowledge. She sees herself as actively involved in her experiments rather than as a detached observer. Which type of scientific thought aligns with Roberta’s views? A. Natural Science B. Human Science C. Applied Science D. Soft Science **Answer: B** iv. What is the main objective of the scientific method? A. To apply scientific results to address human needs. B. To review scientific decisions to understand subjectivity. C. To achieve reproducible experimental results without considering researcher individuality. D. To enhance experimental processes for better results in future experiments. **Answer: C** v. What best describes the aim of natural sciences? A. To highlight the importance of cultural understanding by revealing biases across disciplines. B. To enhance life quality by understanding factors that maximize functional abilities. C. To apply knowledge to specific purposes for improving situations or changing viewpoints. D. To generate knowledge for its own sake, discover truth, and control outcomes. **Answer: D** vi. Gretchen and Peter, working in the same physics lab, get nearly identical results from their experiment using the same procedure. Which criterion of science does this exemplify? A. Intersubjective testability B. Reliability C. Definiteness and precision D. Coherence **Answer: A** vii. Which characteristic is not typically associated with philosophy? A. Engaging in thought for its own sake. B. Using process and outcome. C. Defining wholeness and holism. D. Applying epistemology and ontology. **Answer: C** viii. What source of knowledge is reflected by repetitive behaviors influenced by past experiences? A. Doctrine B. Common sense C. Tradition D. Authority **Answer: C** Francisco, a chemist who applies the scientific method rigorously and views the world as governed strictly by cause and effect, sees little role for subjectivity. Which philosophical perspective best describes Francisco’s outlook? A. Phenomenology B. Logical positivism C. Hermeneutics D. Post-structuralism **Answer: B** ix. Which statement is most likely to be made by someone who adheres to the perceived view? A. “Observation is completely unbiased.” B. “Descriptive law is the gold standard of science.” C. “Individual phenomena make up the whole universe.” D. “Theories are neither right nor wrong.” **Answer: D** x. Which philosophy maintains that the universe is a unified whole made up of interrelated parts? A. Logical positivism B. Chaos and Complexity C. Post-Structuralism D. Hermeneutics **Answer: B** --- **Chapter 2 – The Evolution of Nursing Science** i. Why is the term “training” problematic when discussing advances in nursing science over the past 30 years? A. On-the-job apprenticeships are less common now. B. It emphasizes task performance over understanding the purpose of actions. C. Most nurses now pursue advanced degrees beyond their initial education. D. Nursing education has shifted from hospital-based to university-based teaching. **Answer: B** ii. In the 1960s, why did nursing scholars emphasize theoretical development in nursing? A. To support doctoral education specific to nursing. B. To show the limitations of the logical positivist approach for nursing. C. To foster the growth of nursing science. D. To encourage research across all fields, not just nursing science. **Answer: C** iii. Which argument supports the view of nursing as a professional discipline rather than an academic one? A. “Nursing is applied science, focusing on service delivery over academic knowledge development.” B. “Nursing is unique and largely independent of other academic disciplines.” C. “Nursing has a long history of care that predates formal education.” D. “Nursing’s advanced education is rooted in the profession, not academia.” **Answer: A** iv. What role does logical positivism play in modern philosophical thought about nursing science? A. It is the main approach to understanding science and guides research methods. B. It works with humanistic philosophies as a system of checks and balances. C. It has lost prominence but continues to influence modern science concepts. D. It has been fully rejected by postmodern philosophy. **Answer: C** v. Why was applying logical positivist philosophy to nursing in the 1960s and 1970s problematic? A. It focused too much on the art of nursing, leading to postmodern criticism. B. It overlooked the humanistic and social aspects of care. C. It became outdated as logical positivism fell out of favor. D. It was challenged by feminist philosophers for biases against women and minorities. **Answer: B** vi. What is the main focus of Thomas Kuhn’s philosophy of science? A. Addressing both conceptual and empirical science problems as a problem-solving activity. B. Clarifying and analyzing concepts based on theory development. C. Resolving conceptual problems in science beyond theory development. D. Examining the scientific process through a paradigm known as a disciplinary matrix. **Answer: D** vii. Which of the following is not part of postmodernism? A. Historicism B. Hermeneutics C. Critical social theory D. Feminism **Answer: A** viii. How does postmodernism view knowledge? A. Knowledge consists of classical “truths” influenced by gender biases. B. Knowledge is about discovering universal truths applicable to all questions. C. Knowledge is inseparable from the knower, influenced by class and gender. D. Knowledge is developed through natural observation and applied to hard science. **Answer: C** ix. A nurse with a pluralistic view of nursing science would likely: A. Adhere to the values and worldview of the nursing discipline even if it conflicts with personal beliefs. B. Use a problem-solving approach based on contemporary trends. C. Focus on universal trends observed in patients rather than specific research-based diagnoses. D. Integrate perspectives from different eras of nursing development into personal practice. **Answer: D**