CHAPTER 1
characteristics of living things
- organization
- reproduction
- growth and development
- energy processing
- regulation
- response to environment
three domains
- archaea, bacteria, eukarya
prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
- prokaryotes: first to evolve, bacteria
- eukaryotes: plant and animal cells, evolved from prokaryotes
movement of matter and energy through ecosystems
- matter cycles through an ecosystem
- energy is not recycled
- most lost as heat
- 10% rule
- natural selection: survival of the fittest (ch 13)
CHAPTER 2
structure of an atom
- protons - positive
- electrons - negative
- almost no mass
- neutrons - neutral
compounds
- substance with 2 or ore elements in a fixed ratio
isotopes
- elements with different number of neutrons
- carbon-12, carbon-13, carbon-14
ionic and covalent bonds
- covalent: share a pair of electrons
- polar: unequal sharing
- nonpolar: identical atoms exert equal pull
- ionic: 2 ions with opposite charges attract each other
properties of water
- cohesion: tendency of molecules to stick together
- adhesion: clinging of one substance to another
- surface tension: stretch/break the surface of a liquid
- helps moderate extreme temperatures
pH
- inverse logarithmic scale
- 1-14; 7 is pure water
- acidic: more H+
, - basic: more OH-
CHAPTER 3
carbohydrates
- energy source
- monosaccharides: glucose and fructose
- polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
lipids
- fats (long term energy storage)
- hydrophobic
- unsaturated fatty acid, saturated fatty acid, trans fatty acid
- phospholipids: hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
proteins
- polymer of amino acids
- have endless functions
- can denature due to heat or change in pH
- prions: incorrectly folded proteins
nucleic acids
- storage of information
- monomer: nucleotides
dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
- addition/removal of water can create bonds between molecules
CHAPTER 4
types of microscopes
- light: magnified with light
- scanning electron: effective for viewing surface area
- transmission electron: view internal cell structures in detail
plant cells vs animal cells
- plant: cell wall, plasmodesmata, photosynthesis
- animal: more organelles, cytoskeleton
organelles
- nucleus: genetic instruction
- nucleolus and nuclear envelope containing chromatin
- ribosome: protein synthesis
- smooth er: drug detoxification, storage of calcium ions
- rough er: protein production with ribosomes
- golgi apparatus: modifies, sorts, and ships cell products
- lysosomes: digestive compartments
- vacuoles: storage and general maintenance
- peroxisomes: break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful compounds, creating hydrogen
peroxide
- mitochondria: cellular work and atp production
- microtubules: grow from centrosome, shape and support cell
- intermediate filaments: anchor organelles
characteristics of living things
- organization
- reproduction
- growth and development
- energy processing
- regulation
- response to environment
three domains
- archaea, bacteria, eukarya
prokaryotes vs eukaryotes
- prokaryotes: first to evolve, bacteria
- eukaryotes: plant and animal cells, evolved from prokaryotes
movement of matter and energy through ecosystems
- matter cycles through an ecosystem
- energy is not recycled
- most lost as heat
- 10% rule
- natural selection: survival of the fittest (ch 13)
CHAPTER 2
structure of an atom
- protons - positive
- electrons - negative
- almost no mass
- neutrons - neutral
compounds
- substance with 2 or ore elements in a fixed ratio
isotopes
- elements with different number of neutrons
- carbon-12, carbon-13, carbon-14
ionic and covalent bonds
- covalent: share a pair of electrons
- polar: unequal sharing
- nonpolar: identical atoms exert equal pull
- ionic: 2 ions with opposite charges attract each other
properties of water
- cohesion: tendency of molecules to stick together
- adhesion: clinging of one substance to another
- surface tension: stretch/break the surface of a liquid
- helps moderate extreme temperatures
pH
- inverse logarithmic scale
- 1-14; 7 is pure water
- acidic: more H+
, - basic: more OH-
CHAPTER 3
carbohydrates
- energy source
- monosaccharides: glucose and fructose
- polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
lipids
- fats (long term energy storage)
- hydrophobic
- unsaturated fatty acid, saturated fatty acid, trans fatty acid
- phospholipids: hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
proteins
- polymer of amino acids
- have endless functions
- can denature due to heat or change in pH
- prions: incorrectly folded proteins
nucleic acids
- storage of information
- monomer: nucleotides
dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
- addition/removal of water can create bonds between molecules
CHAPTER 4
types of microscopes
- light: magnified with light
- scanning electron: effective for viewing surface area
- transmission electron: view internal cell structures in detail
plant cells vs animal cells
- plant: cell wall, plasmodesmata, photosynthesis
- animal: more organelles, cytoskeleton
organelles
- nucleus: genetic instruction
- nucleolus and nuclear envelope containing chromatin
- ribosome: protein synthesis
- smooth er: drug detoxification, storage of calcium ions
- rough er: protein production with ribosomes
- golgi apparatus: modifies, sorts, and ships cell products
- lysosomes: digestive compartments
- vacuoles: storage and general maintenance
- peroxisomes: break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful compounds, creating hydrogen
peroxide
- mitochondria: cellular work and atp production
- microtubules: grow from centrosome, shape and support cell
- intermediate filaments: anchor organelles
