Oakland University PSY 2250 Final Exam Study
Guide; Questions & Answers 100% Verified
Emotions Answer-a combination of a subjective feeling, physiological changes and a
behavior. They are biologically based and noticeable in the first few days of life.
primary emotions Answer-Birth -> 6 months
3 distinct basic emotions that occur within the first 6 months
1) Contentment -> joy
2) interest -> surprise
3) distress -> sadness, anger, fear
Nature and emotions Answer-basic emotions seem to be biologically wired
they appear naturally in all normal developing infants around the world at aprox. the same time
and order
Darwin and emotions Answer-hypothesized that basic emotions probably evolved in
humans because they helped early man respond appropriately in their environment (fear =
group ran from tiger)
Bowlby Answer-big name in attachment
hypothesized that infant emotional output signaled to caregivers what the baby needs
emotional regulation Answer-the process involved in initiating, maintaining, and altering
emotional responses
emotions and aging Answer-with the elderly, negative emotions become less frequent
with aging and emotional wellbeing increases with age
socioemotional selectivity theory Answer-aging adults put less emphasis on seeking
information and more emphasis on the goal of fulfilling current emotional needs
,Oakland University PSY 2250 Final Exam Study
Guide; Questions & Answers 100% Verified
positivity effect Answer-the tendency for older adults to pay more attention to, better
remember and place more priority on positive information than to negative information
attachment Answer-a strong affectional tie that binds a person to an intimate companion
that starts with the caregiver and develops with others as we age
nature, nurture and attachment Answer-attachment has a strong biological/nature
component and helps us to survive
imprinting Answer-an innate form of learning in which the young will follow and become
attached to a moving object
oxytocin Answer-a hormone that plays a role in facilitating, caregiving and attachment. it
affects muscle contractions in labor and the release of milk in nursing
there is a positive correlation between ________________ __________ and attachment
behavior after birth Answer-oxytocin levels
bonding Answer-the attachment that caregivers feel towards their infant
the infant's attachment to the caregiver Answer-1. Undiscriminating social
responsiveness - between birth -> 2 months, babies respond to all humans, not just caregivers
2. Discriminating social responsiveness - from 3 -> 6 months, infants respond to familiar people
(caretakers, siblings, etc.)
3. Active proximity seeking (true attachment) - 7 months -> 3 years; strong attachment to a
caretaker (will follow that person around)
4. Goal-corrected partnership ; 3+ years; takes parent's plan into consideration and adjusts their
behavior to achieve optimal closeness to that parent
,Oakland University PSY 2250 Final Exam Study
Guide; Questions & Answers 100% Verified
Attachment-related fears Answer-are a good thing because it displays that attachment
has actually happened
separation anxiety Answer-infant becomes weary/anxious when separated from parent
stranger anxiety Answer-weary/anxious reaction to the approach of an unfamiliar person
secure base Answer-a point of safety from which an infant can feel free to venture
safe-haven Answer-a point to return to for comfort if frightened
Infant secure attachment Answer-infants use caregiver as a secure base. They
explore/play and come back to caregiver to check in.
Infant played more when mom was in the room, cried a bit when she left but warmly welcomed
her back
majority of infants (65/70%)
Infant resistant (ambivalent) attachment Answer-clung to caregiver, reluctant to explore,
high levels of distress when mom left and hard to comfort when she came back
10% of infants
form of insecure attachment
Infant avoidant attachment Answer-paid little attention to mom when she was in the
room, easily explored, no crying when she left and didn't notice when she came back
form of insecure attachment
, Oakland University PSY 2250 Final Exam Study
Guide; Questions & Answers 100% Verified
Infant disorganized-disoriented attachment Answer-infants lacked a consistent/organized
strategy for responding to separations & reunions
Had a hard time seeking support from mom and seemed fearful, dazed and depressed
form of insecure attachment
contact comfort Answer-pleasurable, tactile sensations is a very powerful contributor to
attachment
Relationship between infant temperament and quality of attachment are ______ Answer-
weak
many infant are _________ attached to one parent but ________ attached to the other
Answer-securely and insecurely
infant's genetic makeup influences temperament but not ________________ Answer-
quality of attachment
caregivers who are responsive and adjust to baby's temperment secure ______ and _____
Answer-relationships and attachments
cultural and social context of attachment Answer-secure attachment is best defined by
cultural standards which can vary from country to country
social deprivation and attachement Answer-it affects attachment abilities
separations and attachment Answer-can influence attachment patterns
due to: death, deployments, illness, divorce, etc.
Guide; Questions & Answers 100% Verified
Emotions Answer-a combination of a subjective feeling, physiological changes and a
behavior. They are biologically based and noticeable in the first few days of life.
primary emotions Answer-Birth -> 6 months
3 distinct basic emotions that occur within the first 6 months
1) Contentment -> joy
2) interest -> surprise
3) distress -> sadness, anger, fear
Nature and emotions Answer-basic emotions seem to be biologically wired
they appear naturally in all normal developing infants around the world at aprox. the same time
and order
Darwin and emotions Answer-hypothesized that basic emotions probably evolved in
humans because they helped early man respond appropriately in their environment (fear =
group ran from tiger)
Bowlby Answer-big name in attachment
hypothesized that infant emotional output signaled to caregivers what the baby needs
emotional regulation Answer-the process involved in initiating, maintaining, and altering
emotional responses
emotions and aging Answer-with the elderly, negative emotions become less frequent
with aging and emotional wellbeing increases with age
socioemotional selectivity theory Answer-aging adults put less emphasis on seeking
information and more emphasis on the goal of fulfilling current emotional needs
,Oakland University PSY 2250 Final Exam Study
Guide; Questions & Answers 100% Verified
positivity effect Answer-the tendency for older adults to pay more attention to, better
remember and place more priority on positive information than to negative information
attachment Answer-a strong affectional tie that binds a person to an intimate companion
that starts with the caregiver and develops with others as we age
nature, nurture and attachment Answer-attachment has a strong biological/nature
component and helps us to survive
imprinting Answer-an innate form of learning in which the young will follow and become
attached to a moving object
oxytocin Answer-a hormone that plays a role in facilitating, caregiving and attachment. it
affects muscle contractions in labor and the release of milk in nursing
there is a positive correlation between ________________ __________ and attachment
behavior after birth Answer-oxytocin levels
bonding Answer-the attachment that caregivers feel towards their infant
the infant's attachment to the caregiver Answer-1. Undiscriminating social
responsiveness - between birth -> 2 months, babies respond to all humans, not just caregivers
2. Discriminating social responsiveness - from 3 -> 6 months, infants respond to familiar people
(caretakers, siblings, etc.)
3. Active proximity seeking (true attachment) - 7 months -> 3 years; strong attachment to a
caretaker (will follow that person around)
4. Goal-corrected partnership ; 3+ years; takes parent's plan into consideration and adjusts their
behavior to achieve optimal closeness to that parent
,Oakland University PSY 2250 Final Exam Study
Guide; Questions & Answers 100% Verified
Attachment-related fears Answer-are a good thing because it displays that attachment
has actually happened
separation anxiety Answer-infant becomes weary/anxious when separated from parent
stranger anxiety Answer-weary/anxious reaction to the approach of an unfamiliar person
secure base Answer-a point of safety from which an infant can feel free to venture
safe-haven Answer-a point to return to for comfort if frightened
Infant secure attachment Answer-infants use caregiver as a secure base. They
explore/play and come back to caregiver to check in.
Infant played more when mom was in the room, cried a bit when she left but warmly welcomed
her back
majority of infants (65/70%)
Infant resistant (ambivalent) attachment Answer-clung to caregiver, reluctant to explore,
high levels of distress when mom left and hard to comfort when she came back
10% of infants
form of insecure attachment
Infant avoidant attachment Answer-paid little attention to mom when she was in the
room, easily explored, no crying when she left and didn't notice when she came back
form of insecure attachment
, Oakland University PSY 2250 Final Exam Study
Guide; Questions & Answers 100% Verified
Infant disorganized-disoriented attachment Answer-infants lacked a consistent/organized
strategy for responding to separations & reunions
Had a hard time seeking support from mom and seemed fearful, dazed and depressed
form of insecure attachment
contact comfort Answer-pleasurable, tactile sensations is a very powerful contributor to
attachment
Relationship between infant temperament and quality of attachment are ______ Answer-
weak
many infant are _________ attached to one parent but ________ attached to the other
Answer-securely and insecurely
infant's genetic makeup influences temperament but not ________________ Answer-
quality of attachment
caregivers who are responsive and adjust to baby's temperment secure ______ and _____
Answer-relationships and attachments
cultural and social context of attachment Answer-secure attachment is best defined by
cultural standards which can vary from country to country
social deprivation and attachement Answer-it affects attachment abilities
separations and attachment Answer-can influence attachment patterns
due to: death, deployments, illness, divorce, etc.
