SLCC: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY EXAM
ANAGHA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Internal (cellular) Respiration - Answer-The use of O2 within mitochondria to generate
ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, and the production of CO2 as a waste product
External Respiration - Answer-Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the atmosphere and
body tissues.
upper airways - Answer-airways in head and neck, to pharynx
Respiratory Tract (Lower airways) - Answer-Pharynx to the lungs, Includes conducting
zone and respiratory zone.
Conducting Zone - Answer-Conducts air from larynx to the lungs. contains mucous
escalator. (Larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles)
Mucous escalator - Answer-Goblet cells secrete mucus that traps particles and coats
airways, cilia propel mucus to the pharynx where it is swallowed
Respiratory zone - Answer-lower respiratory tract, sites for gas exchange. contains 300
million alveoli (Respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveoli)
Type I cells (alveolar) - Answer-Wall of alveoli, single layer of simple squamous
epithelium
Type II cells (alveolar) - Answer-Secrete surfactant
Alveolar Macrophage - Answer-immune defense in the alveoli
gas exchange - Answer-Blood in capillaries meets air in alveoli at respiratory membrane
where simple diffusion occurs
Thoracic Cavity - Answer-rib cage, intercostals, diaphragm, pleura, sternum, thoracic
vertebrae
Intercostal muscles - Answer-Increase volume of chest cavity
Diaphragm - Answer-Muscle, Bell shaped higher center. Pulls downward and makes
thoracic cavity taller.
visceral pleura - Answer-portion of pleural sac connected to the lung tissue
Parietal Pleura - Answer-Portion of pleural sac connected to thoracic wall
, inter-pleural space - Answer-fluid filled potential space between pleural membranes.
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) - Answer-Volume of air in lungs between breaths.
All forces acting across lungs and chest wall are balanced, and system is in steady
state.
forces for pulmonary ventilation - Answer-air flow driven by pressure gradients.
4 types of pressure:
Atmospheric Pressure
Intra-alveolar pressure
intra-pleural pressure
transpulmonary pressure
atmospheric pressure - Answer-(P_atm) pressure of outside air. 760 mmHg at sea level.
atmospheric pressure decreases as elevation increases. All other lung pressures are
relative to atmospheric pressure.
intra-alveolar pressure - Answer-(P_alv) pressure of air in alveoli. At rest (FRC)
pressure is 0 mmHg. when pressure is less/greater than atmospheric pressure
inspiration/expiration occurs respectively.
intra-pleural pressure - Answer-(P_ip) pressure inside the pleural space
transpulmonary pressure - Answer-(P_alv-P_ip) difference between intra-pleural
pressure and intra-alveolar pressure
Boyles Law - Answer-For any gas, pressure is inversely related to the volume of
container.
Ideal Gas Law - Answer-PV=nRT & P=nRT/V
P=pressure
V=volume
n=moles
R=constant
T=temperature
inspiration - Answer-external intercostals contract, alveoli expand, pressure decreases.
decreased pressure causes air to move into alveloi
expiration - Answer-alveolar pressure increases and air volume decreases
Lung compliance - Answer-change in lung volume, resulting in a change in
transpulmonary pressure. excess fluid can cause negative effects
ANAGHA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Internal (cellular) Respiration - Answer-The use of O2 within mitochondria to generate
ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, and the production of CO2 as a waste product
External Respiration - Answer-Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the atmosphere and
body tissues.
upper airways - Answer-airways in head and neck, to pharynx
Respiratory Tract (Lower airways) - Answer-Pharynx to the lungs, Includes conducting
zone and respiratory zone.
Conducting Zone - Answer-Conducts air from larynx to the lungs. contains mucous
escalator. (Larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles)
Mucous escalator - Answer-Goblet cells secrete mucus that traps particles and coats
airways, cilia propel mucus to the pharynx where it is swallowed
Respiratory zone - Answer-lower respiratory tract, sites for gas exchange. contains 300
million alveoli (Respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveoli)
Type I cells (alveolar) - Answer-Wall of alveoli, single layer of simple squamous
epithelium
Type II cells (alveolar) - Answer-Secrete surfactant
Alveolar Macrophage - Answer-immune defense in the alveoli
gas exchange - Answer-Blood in capillaries meets air in alveoli at respiratory membrane
where simple diffusion occurs
Thoracic Cavity - Answer-rib cage, intercostals, diaphragm, pleura, sternum, thoracic
vertebrae
Intercostal muscles - Answer-Increase volume of chest cavity
Diaphragm - Answer-Muscle, Bell shaped higher center. Pulls downward and makes
thoracic cavity taller.
visceral pleura - Answer-portion of pleural sac connected to the lung tissue
Parietal Pleura - Answer-Portion of pleural sac connected to thoracic wall
, inter-pleural space - Answer-fluid filled potential space between pleural membranes.
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) - Answer-Volume of air in lungs between breaths.
All forces acting across lungs and chest wall are balanced, and system is in steady
state.
forces for pulmonary ventilation - Answer-air flow driven by pressure gradients.
4 types of pressure:
Atmospheric Pressure
Intra-alveolar pressure
intra-pleural pressure
transpulmonary pressure
atmospheric pressure - Answer-(P_atm) pressure of outside air. 760 mmHg at sea level.
atmospheric pressure decreases as elevation increases. All other lung pressures are
relative to atmospheric pressure.
intra-alveolar pressure - Answer-(P_alv) pressure of air in alveoli. At rest (FRC)
pressure is 0 mmHg. when pressure is less/greater than atmospheric pressure
inspiration/expiration occurs respectively.
intra-pleural pressure - Answer-(P_ip) pressure inside the pleural space
transpulmonary pressure - Answer-(P_alv-P_ip) difference between intra-pleural
pressure and intra-alveolar pressure
Boyles Law - Answer-For any gas, pressure is inversely related to the volume of
container.
Ideal Gas Law - Answer-PV=nRT & P=nRT/V
P=pressure
V=volume
n=moles
R=constant
T=temperature
inspiration - Answer-external intercostals contract, alveoli expand, pressure decreases.
decreased pressure causes air to move into alveloi
expiration - Answer-alveolar pressure increases and air volume decreases
Lung compliance - Answer-change in lung volume, resulting in a change in
transpulmonary pressure. excess fluid can cause negative effects
