A. Emotion—
B. Discrete Emotions Theory: Emotions as Evolved Expressions
1. Discrete emotions theory— Emotions are distinct, evolved responses to
stimuli.
2. Support for an Evolutionary Basis of Emotions
a. Emotions serve adaptive functions.
3. Culture and Emotion
a. Recognition of Emotions Across Cultures
i. Primary emotions— Universal emotions shared across cultures.
ii. Seven primary emotions: Happiness, Sadness, Anger, Fear,
Surprise, Disgust, Contempt.
iii. We also experience an enormous array of secondary emotions -
Complex emotions that emerge from combinations of primary emotions.
a. Secondary emotions are culturally influenced.
b. Cultural Differences in Emotional Expression: Display Rules
i. Display rules— Cultural norms dictating acceptable emotional
expressions.
ii. Factors influencing display rules: Social context, Gender
norms, Cultural values.
4. Accompaniments of Emotional Expressions
a. Emotions and Physiology
i. Differentiating emotions: Different emotions elicit distinct
physiological responses.
C. Cognitive Theories of Emotion: Think First, Feel Later
1. Cognitive theories of emotion— Emotions arise from cognitive interpretations of events.
2. James-Lange Theory of Emotion— Emotions result from physiological reactions to
stimuli.
3. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
a. Cannon-Bard Theory— Emotions and physiological responses occur
simultaneously.
4. Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
, a. Two-factor theory— Emotions arise from the interaction between physiological
arousal and cognitive appraisal.
5. Putting It All Together
a. Two-factor theory is supported as it incorporates both physiological and cognitive
elements in emotion processing.
D. Unconscious Influences on Emotion
1. Factors outside our awareness, positive or negative, can affect our feelings.
2. Automatic Generation of Emotion
3. Mere Exposure Effect
a. Mere exposure effect— Repeated exposure to stimuli increases liking.
4. Facial Feedback Hypothesis
a. Facial feedback hypothesis— Facial expressions can influence emotional
experiences.
I. NONVERBAL EXPRESSION OF EMOTION: THE EYES, BODIES, AND CONTEXT
MATTER
A. Nonverbal leakage— Unintentional revealing of emotions through nonverbal cues.
Examples: Micro expressions, Body language.
B. The Importance of Nonverbal Cues
C. Body Language and Gestures
1. Our postures and gestures can convey a lot about our emotional states (examples):
Crossing arms may indicate defensiveness, Leaning forward may signal interest.
D. Personal Space
1. Proxemics— The study of personal space.
E. Lying and Lie Detection
1. Humans as Lie Detectors
A. Groups adept at lie detection: Law enforcement officials, Psychologists.
II. HAPPINESS AND SELF-ESTEEM: SCIENCE CONFRONTS POP PSYCHOLOGY A.
A. What Happiness Is Good For
1. Relationship between positivity and longevity: Positive emotions are linked to
longer life expectancy.
B. Discrete Emotions Theory: Emotions as Evolved Expressions
1. Discrete emotions theory— Emotions are distinct, evolved responses to
stimuli.
2. Support for an Evolutionary Basis of Emotions
a. Emotions serve adaptive functions.
3. Culture and Emotion
a. Recognition of Emotions Across Cultures
i. Primary emotions— Universal emotions shared across cultures.
ii. Seven primary emotions: Happiness, Sadness, Anger, Fear,
Surprise, Disgust, Contempt.
iii. We also experience an enormous array of secondary emotions -
Complex emotions that emerge from combinations of primary emotions.
a. Secondary emotions are culturally influenced.
b. Cultural Differences in Emotional Expression: Display Rules
i. Display rules— Cultural norms dictating acceptable emotional
expressions.
ii. Factors influencing display rules: Social context, Gender
norms, Cultural values.
4. Accompaniments of Emotional Expressions
a. Emotions and Physiology
i. Differentiating emotions: Different emotions elicit distinct
physiological responses.
C. Cognitive Theories of Emotion: Think First, Feel Later
1. Cognitive theories of emotion— Emotions arise from cognitive interpretations of events.
2. James-Lange Theory of Emotion— Emotions result from physiological reactions to
stimuli.
3. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
a. Cannon-Bard Theory— Emotions and physiological responses occur
simultaneously.
4. Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
, a. Two-factor theory— Emotions arise from the interaction between physiological
arousal and cognitive appraisal.
5. Putting It All Together
a. Two-factor theory is supported as it incorporates both physiological and cognitive
elements in emotion processing.
D. Unconscious Influences on Emotion
1. Factors outside our awareness, positive or negative, can affect our feelings.
2. Automatic Generation of Emotion
3. Mere Exposure Effect
a. Mere exposure effect— Repeated exposure to stimuli increases liking.
4. Facial Feedback Hypothesis
a. Facial feedback hypothesis— Facial expressions can influence emotional
experiences.
I. NONVERBAL EXPRESSION OF EMOTION: THE EYES, BODIES, AND CONTEXT
MATTER
A. Nonverbal leakage— Unintentional revealing of emotions through nonverbal cues.
Examples: Micro expressions, Body language.
B. The Importance of Nonverbal Cues
C. Body Language and Gestures
1. Our postures and gestures can convey a lot about our emotional states (examples):
Crossing arms may indicate defensiveness, Leaning forward may signal interest.
D. Personal Space
1. Proxemics— The study of personal space.
E. Lying and Lie Detection
1. Humans as Lie Detectors
A. Groups adept at lie detection: Law enforcement officials, Psychologists.
II. HAPPINESS AND SELF-ESTEEM: SCIENCE CONFRONTS POP PSYCHOLOGY A.
A. What Happiness Is Good For
1. Relationship between positivity and longevity: Positive emotions are linked to
longer life expectancy.
