PHILOSOPHY 171 EXAM 1QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Availability hHeuristic h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-judging hthe hfrequency hor hprobability
hof han hevent hor hattribute hby hasking hourselves hhow heasily hwe hcan hbring hexamples
hto hmind hfrom hmemory.
Belief hPerseverance h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-the htendency hto hcontinue hholding ha
hbelief heven hif hits horiginal hsupport hhas hbeen hdiscredited, hand hin hthe hface hof
hcontrary hevidence.
Cognitive hIllusions h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-an hinvoluntary herror hin hour hthinking hor
hmemory hdue hto hSystem h1, hwhich hcontinues hto hseem hcorrect heven hif hwe
hconsciously hrealize hit's hnot.
Cognitive hPitfalls h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-common, hpredictable herrors hin hhuman
hreasoning. hCognitive hpitfalls hinclude hmental hglitches huncovered hby hcognitive
hpsychologists, has hwell has hlogical hfallacies.
Cognitive hReflection h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-the hhabit hof hchecking hinitial
himpressions hsupplied hby hsystem h1, hand hoverriding hthem hwhen happropriate.
Confirmation hBias h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-the htendency hto hnotice hor hfocus hon
hpotential hevidence hfor hour hpre-existing hviews, hand hto hneglect hor hdiscount hcontrary
hevidence. hConfirmation hBias hcan hbe hpresent hwith hor hwithout han hunderlying hmotive
hto hhave hthe hbelief hin hthe hfirst hplace.
Evidence hPrimacy hEffect h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-in ha hprocess hwhere hinformation
his hacquired hover htime, hthe htendency hto hgive hearly hinformation hmore hevidential
hweight hthan hlate hinformation. hThis htendency harises hwhen hwe hdevelop hopinions
hearly hon, hleading hto hconfirmation hbias hwhen hinterpreting hlater hinformation, hor
hsimply ha hfailure hto hpay has hmuch hattention hto hit.
Heuristic h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-a hcognitive hshortcut hused hto hbypass hthe hmore
heffortful htype hof hreasoning hthat hwould hbe hrequired hto harrive hat han haccurate
hanswer. hHeuristics hare hsusceptible hto hsystematic hand hpredictable herrors.
Motivated hReasoning h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-forming hor hmaintaining ha hbelief hat
hleast hpartly hbecause, hat hsome hlevel, hwe hwant hit hto hbe htrue. hThis hmanifests hitself
, hin hselective hstandards hfor hbelief, hseeking hand haccepting hevidence hthat hconfirms
hdesired hbeliefs, hand hignoring hor hdiscounting hevidence hthat hdisconfirms hthem.
Skilled hIntuition h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-the hability hto hmake hfast hand haccurate
hjudgements habout ha hsituation hby hrecognizing hlearned hpatterns hin hit. hThis hrequires
htraining hunder hspecific hkinds hof hconditions.
System h1 h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-the hcollection hof hcognitive hprocesses hthat hfeel
hautomatic hand heffortless hbut hnot htransparent. hThese hinclude hspecialized
hprocesses hthat hinterpret hsensory hdata hand hare hthe hsource hof hour himpressions,
hfeelings, hintuitions, hand himpulses. h(The hdistinction hbetween hthe htwo hsystems his
hone hof hdegree, hand hthe htwo hsystems hoften hoverlap, hbut hit his hstill huseful hto
hdistinguish hthem.)
System h2 h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-the hcollection hof hcognitive hprocesses hthat hare
hdirectly hcontrolled, heffortful, hand htransparent. h(The hdistinction hbetween hthe htwo
hsystems his hone hof hdegree, hand hthe htwo hsystems hoften hoverlap, hbut hit his hstill
huseful hto hdistinguish hthem.)
Transparency h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-the hdegree hto hwhich hinformation hprocessing
hitself h(rather hthan hjust hits houtput) his hdone hconsciously, hin hsuch ha hway hthat hone
his haware hof hthe hsteps hbeing htaken.
Learning hall habout hhow hto hreason hwell...
a. his hnot hgood henough hto hbecome ha hgood hreasoner; hthe hright hskills hand hmindset
hare halso hnecessary h
b. his henough hto hbecome ha hgood hreasoner has hlong has hyour hknowledge his hpaired
hwith hthe hright hskills h
c. his hnot himportant hbecause, hjust hlike hin hsports, hthe honly hthing hthat hmatters his
hskill h
d. his hunnecessary: hall hyou hneed his hthe hright hmindset hof hcuriosity, hopenness, hand
hperseverance h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-a. his hnot hgood henough hto hbecome ha hgood
hreasoner; hthe hright hskills hand hmindset hare halso hnecessary
Focusing hon hgeneral hreasoning hskills hand hnot hspecific hreasoning hskills... h
a. his himportant hbecause hacquiring hspecific hreasoning hskills hdoes hnot himprove
hgeneral hreasoning hskills h
b. his hthe honly hway hto hbecome hbetter hat hreasoning h
c. his ha hmore heffective hway hto himprove hgeneral hreasoning hskills.
d. his hunhelpful hbecause hacquiring hspecific hreasoning hskills his hjust has heffective ha
hway hto hbecome ha hgood hreasoner hin hgeneral h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-c. his ha
hmore heffective hway hto himprove hgeneral hreasoning hskills.
In hthis hsection, hthe hexample hof hprosopagnosia hwas hprimarily hused hto hillustrate h... h
AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Availability hHeuristic h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-judging hthe hfrequency hor hprobability
hof han hevent hor hattribute hby hasking hourselves hhow heasily hwe hcan hbring hexamples
hto hmind hfrom hmemory.
Belief hPerseverance h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-the htendency hto hcontinue hholding ha
hbelief heven hif hits horiginal hsupport hhas hbeen hdiscredited, hand hin hthe hface hof
hcontrary hevidence.
Cognitive hIllusions h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-an hinvoluntary herror hin hour hthinking hor
hmemory hdue hto hSystem h1, hwhich hcontinues hto hseem hcorrect heven hif hwe
hconsciously hrealize hit's hnot.
Cognitive hPitfalls h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-common, hpredictable herrors hin hhuman
hreasoning. hCognitive hpitfalls hinclude hmental hglitches huncovered hby hcognitive
hpsychologists, has hwell has hlogical hfallacies.
Cognitive hReflection h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-the hhabit hof hchecking hinitial
himpressions hsupplied hby hsystem h1, hand hoverriding hthem hwhen happropriate.
Confirmation hBias h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-the htendency hto hnotice hor hfocus hon
hpotential hevidence hfor hour hpre-existing hviews, hand hto hneglect hor hdiscount hcontrary
hevidence. hConfirmation hBias hcan hbe hpresent hwith hor hwithout han hunderlying hmotive
hto hhave hthe hbelief hin hthe hfirst hplace.
Evidence hPrimacy hEffect h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-in ha hprocess hwhere hinformation
his hacquired hover htime, hthe htendency hto hgive hearly hinformation hmore hevidential
hweight hthan hlate hinformation. hThis htendency harises hwhen hwe hdevelop hopinions
hearly hon, hleading hto hconfirmation hbias hwhen hinterpreting hlater hinformation, hor
hsimply ha hfailure hto hpay has hmuch hattention hto hit.
Heuristic h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-a hcognitive hshortcut hused hto hbypass hthe hmore
heffortful htype hof hreasoning hthat hwould hbe hrequired hto harrive hat han haccurate
hanswer. hHeuristics hare hsusceptible hto hsystematic hand hpredictable herrors.
Motivated hReasoning h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-forming hor hmaintaining ha hbelief hat
hleast hpartly hbecause, hat hsome hlevel, hwe hwant hit hto hbe htrue. hThis hmanifests hitself
, hin hselective hstandards hfor hbelief, hseeking hand haccepting hevidence hthat hconfirms
hdesired hbeliefs, hand hignoring hor hdiscounting hevidence hthat hdisconfirms hthem.
Skilled hIntuition h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-the hability hto hmake hfast hand haccurate
hjudgements habout ha hsituation hby hrecognizing hlearned hpatterns hin hit. hThis hrequires
htraining hunder hspecific hkinds hof hconditions.
System h1 h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-the hcollection hof hcognitive hprocesses hthat hfeel
hautomatic hand heffortless hbut hnot htransparent. hThese hinclude hspecialized
hprocesses hthat hinterpret hsensory hdata hand hare hthe hsource hof hour himpressions,
hfeelings, hintuitions, hand himpulses. h(The hdistinction hbetween hthe htwo hsystems his
hone hof hdegree, hand hthe htwo hsystems hoften hoverlap, hbut hit his hstill huseful hto
hdistinguish hthem.)
System h2 h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-the hcollection hof hcognitive hprocesses hthat hare
hdirectly hcontrolled, heffortful, hand htransparent. h(The hdistinction hbetween hthe htwo
hsystems his hone hof hdegree, hand hthe htwo hsystems hoften hoverlap, hbut hit his hstill
huseful hto hdistinguish hthem.)
Transparency h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-the hdegree hto hwhich hinformation hprocessing
hitself h(rather hthan hjust hits houtput) his hdone hconsciously, hin hsuch ha hway hthat hone
his haware hof hthe hsteps hbeing htaken.
Learning hall habout hhow hto hreason hwell...
a. his hnot hgood henough hto hbecome ha hgood hreasoner; hthe hright hskills hand hmindset
hare halso hnecessary h
b. his henough hto hbecome ha hgood hreasoner has hlong has hyour hknowledge his hpaired
hwith hthe hright hskills h
c. his hnot himportant hbecause, hjust hlike hin hsports, hthe honly hthing hthat hmatters his
hskill h
d. his hunnecessary: hall hyou hneed his hthe hright hmindset hof hcuriosity, hopenness, hand
hperseverance h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-a. his hnot hgood henough hto hbecome ha hgood
hreasoner; hthe hright hskills hand hmindset hare halso hnecessary
Focusing hon hgeneral hreasoning hskills hand hnot hspecific hreasoning hskills... h
a. his himportant hbecause hacquiring hspecific hreasoning hskills hdoes hnot himprove
hgeneral hreasoning hskills h
b. his hthe honly hway hto hbecome hbetter hat hreasoning h
c. his ha hmore heffective hway hto himprove hgeneral hreasoning hskills.
d. his hunhelpful hbecause hacquiring hspecific hreasoning hskills his hjust has heffective ha
hway hto hbecome ha hgood hreasoner hin hgeneral h- hcorrect hanswers h✔✔ h-c. his ha
hmore heffective hway hto himprove hgeneral hreasoning hskills.
In hthis hsection, hthe hexample hof hprosopagnosia hwas hprimarily hused hto hillustrate h... h
