NURS 316 Patho Pharm Midterm
Questions and Correct Answers
Define pathophysiology ✅· the physiology of altered health.
Health is defined as: ✅· state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease and infirmity,
Etiology ✅cause of disease
What are the four commonly recognized etiological agents? ✅· Biologic
· Physical
· Chemical
· Nutritional
Most diseases come from what origin ✅multifactorial origin
What is another grouping of agents that reflect timing of onset? ✅· Congenital
· Acquired
What term reflects the evolution of disease after initial contact with the etiological
agent? ✅pathogenesis
Morphological changes reflect changes as a result of disease. What changes occur in
the cell? ✅· Gross anatomical
· Microscopic
How do signs, symptoms and syndromes relate to each other? ✅· Signs are how
external observers see disease
· Symptoms are what the person reports when they have a disease
· Syndromes are a group of signs and symptoms reflecting a disease
How do we arrive at a diagnosis? ✅· History and physical
· Differential diagnoses (list of possibilities)
· Investigations to rule in and out the differential diagnoses
Tests are not always 100% accurate. How do we know? Diagnostic power of a test is
determined by what key information? ✅· Validity (compared to gold standard)
· Reliability (repeatability)
· Sensitivity (true positive rate) prob of positive test given the pt has disease
· Specificity (true negatives) prob of neg test given the pt is well
,Reliability ✅refers to the extent that a repeated observation will give the same results
Validity ✅Validity refers to the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is
intended to measure.
Clinical course of disease is the evolution of disease. Diseases are often more complex
than fit in one category but can sometimes fit within one of 3 general paths. What are
the 3 paths? ✅· Acute
· Subacute
· Chronic
Stages of infectious disease can be described by when disease is present and when it
can be observed, tested and be infectious. Define those stages and their definitions.
✅· Preclinical
· Subclinical
· Clinical
· carrier
What is the definition of epidemiology? ✅· the study of disease occurrence in human
populations.
What is the key detail that makes incidence different from prevalence? ✅· Incidence is
the number of new cases of a disease in a population in a given time period. Incidence
always has a timeframe. Prevalence is measured at one point in time in a population.
Why is the natural history of a disease important to clinicians and to patients? ✅· It can
be used to predict outcomes in people who are not able to be treated. (prognosis)
Primary prevention of disease is aimed at keeping diseases from occurring by
identifying and removing risk factors. What is an example of a primary prevention
program? ✅· Smoking cessation, folic acid in pregnancy, seat belts, childhood
immunization, PPE
What are examples of secondary prevention programs? ✅Cancer screening programs
(cervical, breast, colon, skin), cardiovascular (BP, Lipid checks)
Are there tertiary prevention programs? Examples? ✅· Multidisciplinary clinics for
chronic diseases (COPD-pulmonary rehab, Diabetes (foot, kidney, eye checks),
specialist follow-up of all chronic conditions (cardiology after MI)
Cellular regulation ✅Cellular regulation refers to all function carried out within a cell to
maintain homoeostasis, including its responses to extracellular signals (hormones,
cytokines, neurotransmitters etc.) And the way each cell produces an intracellular
response
, List the 3 changes in cell structure and function that occur as a result of cell adaptive
process ✅• Size
• Number
• Type
What are 5 resulting changes in cells following adaptation? ✅• Atrophy
• Hypertrophy
• Hyperplasia
• Metaplasia
• Dysplasia.
What are 5 general causes of cell atrophy? ✅• Disuse
• Denervation
• Loss of endocrine stimulation
• Inadequate nutrition
• Ischemia
In what tissue types do we commonly see cell size increase? ✅• Cardiac muscle
• Skeletal muscle
What specific cell types are at risk for hyperplasia? ✅• Cells capable of mitotic division
What are two examples of dysplasia? ✅• Cervical cancer
• Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
What are three groups of intracellular accumulations? ✅• Normal body substances
• Abnormal endogenous products
• Exogenous products
Name two patterns of reversible cell injury ✅• Cellular edema (swelling)
And Fatty change
Name two patterns of irreversible cell injury ✅• Apoptosis
Necrosis
Apoptosis ✅programmed cell death
Cell suicide
Necrosis ✅death of tissue or organ
In metaplasia, what is the advantage of replacing adult cell types ✅• Better ability of
cells/tissue to survive
Questions and Correct Answers
Define pathophysiology ✅· the physiology of altered health.
Health is defined as: ✅· state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and
not merely the absence of disease and infirmity,
Etiology ✅cause of disease
What are the four commonly recognized etiological agents? ✅· Biologic
· Physical
· Chemical
· Nutritional
Most diseases come from what origin ✅multifactorial origin
What is another grouping of agents that reflect timing of onset? ✅· Congenital
· Acquired
What term reflects the evolution of disease after initial contact with the etiological
agent? ✅pathogenesis
Morphological changes reflect changes as a result of disease. What changes occur in
the cell? ✅· Gross anatomical
· Microscopic
How do signs, symptoms and syndromes relate to each other? ✅· Signs are how
external observers see disease
· Symptoms are what the person reports when they have a disease
· Syndromes are a group of signs and symptoms reflecting a disease
How do we arrive at a diagnosis? ✅· History and physical
· Differential diagnoses (list of possibilities)
· Investigations to rule in and out the differential diagnoses
Tests are not always 100% accurate. How do we know? Diagnostic power of a test is
determined by what key information? ✅· Validity (compared to gold standard)
· Reliability (repeatability)
· Sensitivity (true positive rate) prob of positive test given the pt has disease
· Specificity (true negatives) prob of neg test given the pt is well
,Reliability ✅refers to the extent that a repeated observation will give the same results
Validity ✅Validity refers to the extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is
intended to measure.
Clinical course of disease is the evolution of disease. Diseases are often more complex
than fit in one category but can sometimes fit within one of 3 general paths. What are
the 3 paths? ✅· Acute
· Subacute
· Chronic
Stages of infectious disease can be described by when disease is present and when it
can be observed, tested and be infectious. Define those stages and their definitions.
✅· Preclinical
· Subclinical
· Clinical
· carrier
What is the definition of epidemiology? ✅· the study of disease occurrence in human
populations.
What is the key detail that makes incidence different from prevalence? ✅· Incidence is
the number of new cases of a disease in a population in a given time period. Incidence
always has a timeframe. Prevalence is measured at one point in time in a population.
Why is the natural history of a disease important to clinicians and to patients? ✅· It can
be used to predict outcomes in people who are not able to be treated. (prognosis)
Primary prevention of disease is aimed at keeping diseases from occurring by
identifying and removing risk factors. What is an example of a primary prevention
program? ✅· Smoking cessation, folic acid in pregnancy, seat belts, childhood
immunization, PPE
What are examples of secondary prevention programs? ✅Cancer screening programs
(cervical, breast, colon, skin), cardiovascular (BP, Lipid checks)
Are there tertiary prevention programs? Examples? ✅· Multidisciplinary clinics for
chronic diseases (COPD-pulmonary rehab, Diabetes (foot, kidney, eye checks),
specialist follow-up of all chronic conditions (cardiology after MI)
Cellular regulation ✅Cellular regulation refers to all function carried out within a cell to
maintain homoeostasis, including its responses to extracellular signals (hormones,
cytokines, neurotransmitters etc.) And the way each cell produces an intracellular
response
, List the 3 changes in cell structure and function that occur as a result of cell adaptive
process ✅• Size
• Number
• Type
What are 5 resulting changes in cells following adaptation? ✅• Atrophy
• Hypertrophy
• Hyperplasia
• Metaplasia
• Dysplasia.
What are 5 general causes of cell atrophy? ✅• Disuse
• Denervation
• Loss of endocrine stimulation
• Inadequate nutrition
• Ischemia
In what tissue types do we commonly see cell size increase? ✅• Cardiac muscle
• Skeletal muscle
What specific cell types are at risk for hyperplasia? ✅• Cells capable of mitotic division
What are two examples of dysplasia? ✅• Cervical cancer
• Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
What are three groups of intracellular accumulations? ✅• Normal body substances
• Abnormal endogenous products
• Exogenous products
Name two patterns of reversible cell injury ✅• Cellular edema (swelling)
And Fatty change
Name two patterns of irreversible cell injury ✅• Apoptosis
Necrosis
Apoptosis ✅programmed cell death
Cell suicide
Necrosis ✅death of tissue or organ
In metaplasia, what is the advantage of replacing adult cell types ✅• Better ability of
cells/tissue to survive
