Straighterline BIO202 FINAL TEST WITH SOLUTIONS

What is a Transforming Infection? Virus that alters cell DNA, leading to cancer What is a lysogenic infection? Phage DNA is incorporated into host genome and is passed on to subsequent generations What is a Lytic Bacteriophage Infection? Host cell gets so packed with viruses that is lyses (splits) open and releases mature virions What are the three principle purposes of cultivating viruses? 1.) Isolate and ID viruses in clinical specimens 2.) Prepare viruses for vaccines 3.) Research viral strucutre, multiplication cycles, genetics, and effects on hosts What are three ways in which viruses are cultivated? 1.) Using live animal inoculation 2.) Using bird embryos 3.) Using cell (tissue) culture techniques What are three noncellular infections agents besides viruses? Prions, viroids, and satellite viruses. List the essential nutrients of a bacterial cell: CHONPS C - arbon H - ydrogen N - itrogen P - hosphate S - ulphur What are four terms that describe an organisms source of Carbon and Energy? Photoautotrophos, chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs, lithoautotrophs Define Saprobe: A microbe that decomposes organic remains from dead organisms Define Parasite An organism that lives in or within a host from which it obtains nutrients and enjoys protection. Produces some degree of harm to host Define Diffusion: movement from high to low Define Osmosis: Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane hypotonic cell: cells that are less concentrated than their environment; water rushes in, may burst cell hypertonic cell: cells that are more concentrated than their environment; water rushes out of the cell causing it to shrivel isotonic cell: extracellular environment has the same concentration of solutes as the cell cytoplasm types of passive transport Facilitated diffusion, molecule-specific, simple diffusion facilitated diffusion passive transport: Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels by binding to receptors molecule specific transport Passive transport goes both directions. Rate is limited by number of binding sites on transport proteins simple diffusion Fundamental property of atoms and molecults that exist in a state of random motion Name three types of active transport: Carrier mediated, group translocation, bulk transport Carrier-mediated Transport is... Active transport where atoms or molecules are pumped into or out of the cell by specialized receptors Group translocation transport is.... Active transport where molecule is moved across membrane and converted to a metabolically useful substance Bulk transport is.... active transport of large particles/cells/liquids by enfulcing in a vesicle (e.g. endocytosis, phagocytosis, etc.) Ways in which different organisms dead with oxygen... Can use oxygen and detoxify is, can neither use nor detoxify is, cannot use but can detoxify it. What are the five types of associations microbes can have with their hosts? Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Antagonism, Synergism Define mutualism both organisms benefit Define commensalism one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped Define Parasitism one species benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host) Define Antagonism Members of a community compete (some members are inhibited or destroyed by others. Define synergism an optional cooperation where both species benefit, but can grow independently Characteristic of biofilms that differentiate them from planktonic bacteria: Biofilms respond to the environment by sensing and planktonic does not resplond to the environment because they are free floating How do bacteria divide? binary fission What are the four phases of growth in bacterial growth curve? Lag phase, Log Phase, Stationary Phase, Death Phase What are methods besides a growth curve to count bacteria? Turbidity, Direct Cell COunt,m Automated devises, Flow cytometer