delgado microbiology 211 final Questions And Answers Graded A+

(they are ways of distributing pathogens) - What do septicemia, viremia, and toxemia have in common and I think the answer is none of the above 100 pathogens is enough to cause disease in 50% of the host population ID50 - measurement that is determined by the # of microbes required to give 50% of a population the disease - Pathogen X has an ID50 of 100, what does that mean Acquisition of resistance - Spontaneous mutation - occurs when a mutation causes a bacteria to become resistant to a particular antibiotic Gene transfer → bacteria can exchange plasmids that contain resistance genes (R plasmids) What are these examples of? Antibody- dependent cellular - binding of several IgG antibodies signals the binding of a NK (natural killer) cell are all leukocytes - Neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil, macrophage Artificially acquired immunity - same process except for the antigen is deliberately introduced by injection, orally, or nasally (immunization) Attenuated vaccines - weakened form of a microo or virus, can still replicate in the host Robust I.R. due to the replication of the infectious agent-answe attractant - chemical is desirable and the bacteria moves towards it autoclave - uses wet heat/heated steam to kill pathogens Autoimmune disease - when I.S. responds to self generated antigensAuxotroph - mutant cell that requires an additional growth factor B memory cells - What cells are responsible for the secondary response of the adaptive immune system Bone marrow - where are B cells made? chemotaxis - movement towards or away from a particular chemical chronic infection - a sickness that lasts for months or years cold - What is caused by a rhinovirus DNA-mediated transformation - gets naked/section of DNA from environment Domagk - German non-nazi that discovered sulfonamides first line of defense - Epidermis of the skin The normal flora of bacteria that are found on your body Mucus membrane Antimicrobial secretions produced by cells of the mucus membrane All of the above Fleming - discovered penicillin frameshift mutation - when a nucleotide is inserted or removed from the DNA sequence all of the codons after that point are shifted (moving the reading frame)Gram positive bacteria stain - purple; Bacillus - rod HAART - used to treat HIV Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome - Which of the following was first identified in 1993 when a cluster of individuals all got serious pulmonary infection and almost half of them died, it is spread in mouse feces. Herd immunity - when disease unable to persist bc of too few susceptible individuals; in a population of immunized individuals; occurs when enough of a population is vaccinated Horizontal transmission - occurs when a pathogen is transferred from person to person via ingestion of food, contact, spit droplets, etc hypersensitivities - when the I.R. causes damage to the surround tissue (immunological mistake) If Eukaryotic and bacterial organisms were the same, then most medicines and treatments would be toxic to humans? T/F? - True Immunodeficiency - when the I.R. is weakened innate immune system - you are born with this system in place knockout mutagen - when any mutation renders a gene non-functional latent - Ex. As a child you get chickenpox, you experience the itchy rash and then it goes away. The virus persists in the sensory nerves and later in life it may reappear as shingles (straight from final) lipopolysaccharides - what is a component found only on gram NEGATIVE bacteriaLister - English surgeon who sterilized his equipment local anaphylaxis - Hives (urticaria) - skin condition that produces a wheal and a flare when histamine causes the dilation of blood vessels that cause plasma to leak into the tissue... What type of immune response does hives fit under? log (exponential phase) - cells are growing at a constant rate, doubling every generation Major histocompatibility complex (MHC molecules) - cluster of surface proteins that hold the antigen peptides; used to present peptides for inspection memory B cell - cell responsible for secondary immune response mesophiles - most common group, prefer warm from ~20-40ºC but not too hot (Goldilocks) metabolites - materials that cells need in order to grow and reproduce