Cloning and Biotechnology 35 Quiz
Questions Correctly Answered
Advantages for elm trees to produce clones. - ✔ ✔ Desirable genetic characteristics are always
passed on.
Plants may be produce all times of the year.
Sterile plants can reproduce.
Define biotechnology. - ✔ ✔ The industrial use of living organisms to produce food and drugs.
eg, Bread using yeast.
Define reproductive cloning. - ✔ ✔ It is used to make a complete organism that's genetically
identical to another organism
Describe how a fermentation vat has been adapted to make conditions optimum for growing certain
microorganisms. - ✔ ✔ pH- Monitored by a pH probe, this keeps the vat at an optimum for the
enyzme reactions so that they don't become denatured. This increases the product yield.
Temperature- Kept at optimum via a water jacket- increases product yield since enzymes work
effectively
O₂ - Kept at optimum for aerobic respiration by pumping sterile air in
Nutrient - Fresh medium via paddles, circulate it around the medium.
Describe pasteurisation and the benefits. - ✔ ✔ Food (milk) is heated to a high temperature to kill
microorganisms but to change the overall chemistry.
This means it removes microorganism that could be harmful to human health or compete with
microorganisms added to food.
Denatures any enzymes - these enzymes could catalyses unwanted reactions and spoil food.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages to animal cloning. - ✔ ✔ Advantages: Desirable genetic
characteristics are always passed on to clones - doesn't occur in sexual reproduction due to independent
assortment and crossing over.
Disadvantages: Not just desirable characteristics are passed on.
, Reproductive cloning is also very difficult and time consuming and expensive as clones don't live very
long.
Describe the batch process. - ✔ ✔ Microorganisms are grown in individual batches in a fermentation
vessel - when the culture ends it's removed and a different batch is grown.
Describe the continuous process. - ✔ ✔ Microorganisms are continuously grown in a fermentation
vessel without stopping and is slowly tapped off.
Describe the different aseptic technologies. - ✔ ✔ Disinfecting work surfaces, gloves are worn,
sterilised equipment before and after use.
Describe the different ways the immobilised enzymes can exist - ✔ ✔ Adsorption - This is when the
enzymes are bonded to clay via ionic and hydrophillic/hydrophobic interactions. This will produce a high
rate of reaction but it has weak bonds so can easily be denatured.
Covalent - When enzymes are covalently bonded to clay (crosslinked). There is little leakage but the
active site can change.
Entrapment - Enzymes are trapped in an alginate gel bead. Active site will never change, however the
rate of reaction may decrease as the substrate needs to diffuse through the membrane.
Membrane separation - enzymes are physically separated from substrates by a partially permeable
membrane. Active site never changes, but rate will decrease as substrates need to diffuse across the
membrane.
Describe the similarities and differences between these two methods. - ✔ ✔ Similar: Reproductive
cloning, surrogate mothers
Splitting embryo: Many offspring, sexual reproduction, Male and Female needed, not guaranteed to
have good characteristics
Nuclear transfer: Needs a enucleated cell, single offspring, clone of parent.
Describe the similarities and differences in batch and continuous. - ✔ ✔ Batch: Product yield = low,
set amount of nutrient is added, contamination only effects 1 batch, product is harvested in stationary
phase.
Questions Correctly Answered
Advantages for elm trees to produce clones. - ✔ ✔ Desirable genetic characteristics are always
passed on.
Plants may be produce all times of the year.
Sterile plants can reproduce.
Define biotechnology. - ✔ ✔ The industrial use of living organisms to produce food and drugs.
eg, Bread using yeast.
Define reproductive cloning. - ✔ ✔ It is used to make a complete organism that's genetically
identical to another organism
Describe how a fermentation vat has been adapted to make conditions optimum for growing certain
microorganisms. - ✔ ✔ pH- Monitored by a pH probe, this keeps the vat at an optimum for the
enyzme reactions so that they don't become denatured. This increases the product yield.
Temperature- Kept at optimum via a water jacket- increases product yield since enzymes work
effectively
O₂ - Kept at optimum for aerobic respiration by pumping sterile air in
Nutrient - Fresh medium via paddles, circulate it around the medium.
Describe pasteurisation and the benefits. - ✔ ✔ Food (milk) is heated to a high temperature to kill
microorganisms but to change the overall chemistry.
This means it removes microorganism that could be harmful to human health or compete with
microorganisms added to food.
Denatures any enzymes - these enzymes could catalyses unwanted reactions and spoil food.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages to animal cloning. - ✔ ✔ Advantages: Desirable genetic
characteristics are always passed on to clones - doesn't occur in sexual reproduction due to independent
assortment and crossing over.
Disadvantages: Not just desirable characteristics are passed on.
, Reproductive cloning is also very difficult and time consuming and expensive as clones don't live very
long.
Describe the batch process. - ✔ ✔ Microorganisms are grown in individual batches in a fermentation
vessel - when the culture ends it's removed and a different batch is grown.
Describe the continuous process. - ✔ ✔ Microorganisms are continuously grown in a fermentation
vessel without stopping and is slowly tapped off.
Describe the different aseptic technologies. - ✔ ✔ Disinfecting work surfaces, gloves are worn,
sterilised equipment before and after use.
Describe the different ways the immobilised enzymes can exist - ✔ ✔ Adsorption - This is when the
enzymes are bonded to clay via ionic and hydrophillic/hydrophobic interactions. This will produce a high
rate of reaction but it has weak bonds so can easily be denatured.
Covalent - When enzymes are covalently bonded to clay (crosslinked). There is little leakage but the
active site can change.
Entrapment - Enzymes are trapped in an alginate gel bead. Active site will never change, however the
rate of reaction may decrease as the substrate needs to diffuse through the membrane.
Membrane separation - enzymes are physically separated from substrates by a partially permeable
membrane. Active site never changes, but rate will decrease as substrates need to diffuse across the
membrane.
Describe the similarities and differences between these two methods. - ✔ ✔ Similar: Reproductive
cloning, surrogate mothers
Splitting embryo: Many offspring, sexual reproduction, Male and Female needed, not guaranteed to
have good characteristics
Nuclear transfer: Needs a enucleated cell, single offspring, clone of parent.
Describe the similarities and differences in batch and continuous. - ✔ ✔ Batch: Product yield = low,
set amount of nutrient is added, contamination only effects 1 batch, product is harvested in stationary
phase.
