ENVS 212 Final Questions with Correct Answers
1. mutation (main source)
2. gene flow
3. genetic drift
4. nonrandom mating
5. natural selection Correct Answer-Name the five agents of evolutionary changes
What forces can bring around change in allele frequency? Correct Answer-any of the five evolutionary changes and multiple of them can act together at once - mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, nonrandom mating, and selection
Three conditions that must be met for natural selection to occur Correct Answer-1. Variation must exist
2. Variation must be genetically inherited
3. Variation must have a different fitness for different individuals
Selection can cause adaptation to many pressures... (2 main one) Correct
Answer-physiological tolerances to environment - climate, chemicals ...
avoiding detection (as the prey or predator)
Epistatic Interaction Correct Answer-When selection acts on the interaction of a gene with other genes in the genome some genes are selectively advantageous/disadvantageous only in the presence of other genes
three ways of selection that can help maintain variation as in balancing selection? Correct Answer-1. Frequency dependent selection
2. oscillation selection
3. Heterozygote advantage
Frequency dependent selection Correct Answer-Negative - rare is good
Positive - rare is bad
Oscillating selection Correct Answer-if the there are any environmental fluctuations
Heterozygote advantage Correct Answer-neither homozygote is as fit
Three kinds of selection that act on traits affected by multiple genes? Correct Answer-directional, stabilizing, disruptive
Directional Selection Correct Answer-
Stabilizing Selection Correct Answer- Disruptive Selection Correct Answer-
alleles have frequencies within Correct Answer-populations
evolution Correct Answer-the changes in allele frequencies from generation to generation in a population
null model Correct Answer-this hypothesis is when there is no changes but can still be useful because we can test the departures from it; therefore by determining if evolution has occurred
Hardy Weinberg Principle Correct Answer-null model - this principle states that whatever the initial frequencies for two alleles must be, after one generation of random mating, the frequencies will be
Assumptions of the Hardy Weinberg Principle ... Correct Answer-these are assumptions because if they are violated, allele frequencies change and aren't null anymore
1. mating is random
2. no mutation
3. no genetic drift
4. no gene flow (large pop!)
5. no natural selection Two selective fates of duplicated genes Correct Answer-
neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization
Neofunctionalization Correct Answer-one copy retains original function and the other copy acquires new functions through fixation of new mutations
Subfunctionalization Correct Answer-each duplicated copy becomes specialized for a subset of the original function performed via the ancestral single copy gene (specialization)
Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Evo-dev) Correct Answer-is the field that compares the development of different organisms in an attempt
to understand ancestral relationships between organisms and the developmental mechanisms that bring about evolutionary change
Hox Genes Correct Answer-critical in determining the identity of the embryonic regions in developing animals - tells a lot about the formation
of new body plans in animal evolution comparative approach is highly informative
Regulatory genes Correct Answer-the regulation of gene expression can activate or repress expression at particular times or in particular tissues
1. mutation (main source)
2. gene flow
3. genetic drift
4. nonrandom mating
5. natural selection Correct Answer-Name the five agents of evolutionary changes
What forces can bring around change in allele frequency? Correct Answer-any of the five evolutionary changes and multiple of them can act together at once - mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, nonrandom mating, and selection
Three conditions that must be met for natural selection to occur Correct Answer-1. Variation must exist
2. Variation must be genetically inherited
3. Variation must have a different fitness for different individuals
Selection can cause adaptation to many pressures... (2 main one) Correct
Answer-physiological tolerances to environment - climate, chemicals ...
avoiding detection (as the prey or predator)
Epistatic Interaction Correct Answer-When selection acts on the interaction of a gene with other genes in the genome some genes are selectively advantageous/disadvantageous only in the presence of other genes
three ways of selection that can help maintain variation as in balancing selection? Correct Answer-1. Frequency dependent selection
2. oscillation selection
3. Heterozygote advantage
Frequency dependent selection Correct Answer-Negative - rare is good
Positive - rare is bad
Oscillating selection Correct Answer-if the there are any environmental fluctuations
Heterozygote advantage Correct Answer-neither homozygote is as fit
Three kinds of selection that act on traits affected by multiple genes? Correct Answer-directional, stabilizing, disruptive
Directional Selection Correct Answer-
Stabilizing Selection Correct Answer- Disruptive Selection Correct Answer-
alleles have frequencies within Correct Answer-populations
evolution Correct Answer-the changes in allele frequencies from generation to generation in a population
null model Correct Answer-this hypothesis is when there is no changes but can still be useful because we can test the departures from it; therefore by determining if evolution has occurred
Hardy Weinberg Principle Correct Answer-null model - this principle states that whatever the initial frequencies for two alleles must be, after one generation of random mating, the frequencies will be
Assumptions of the Hardy Weinberg Principle ... Correct Answer-these are assumptions because if they are violated, allele frequencies change and aren't null anymore
1. mating is random
2. no mutation
3. no genetic drift
4. no gene flow (large pop!)
5. no natural selection Two selective fates of duplicated genes Correct Answer-
neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization
Neofunctionalization Correct Answer-one copy retains original function and the other copy acquires new functions through fixation of new mutations
Subfunctionalization Correct Answer-each duplicated copy becomes specialized for a subset of the original function performed via the ancestral single copy gene (specialization)
Evolutionary Developmental Biology (Evo-dev) Correct Answer-is the field that compares the development of different organisms in an attempt
to understand ancestral relationships between organisms and the developmental mechanisms that bring about evolutionary change
Hox Genes Correct Answer-critical in determining the identity of the embryonic regions in developing animals - tells a lot about the formation
of new body plans in animal evolution comparative approach is highly informative
Regulatory genes Correct Answer-the regulation of gene expression can activate or repress expression at particular times or in particular tissues
