EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 26, 2024 9:30 AM BIO 182 Exam 2 Questions Correctly Answered What is systematics? - answer✔✔Study of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships among organisms, both ext inct and modern What is Taxonomy? - answer✔✔Science of describing, naming, and classifying living and extinct organisms and viruses What are the 8 categories of taxonomic hierarchy (in order from species upward to broader classifications)? - answer✔✔Specie s, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain Who is the scientist that proposed the current two -part naming system for each species? - answer✔✔Carolus Linnaeus What are the two parts of any Latinized binomial name? - answer✔✔Genus species What i s a phylogenetic tree and what is it used for (or what is phylogeny)? - answer✔✔-
evolutionary history of a species or group of species -To propose a phylogeny, biologists use the tools of systematics What are the two ways a new species can be formed? - answer✔✔-Anagenesis - single species evolves into a different species -Cladogenesis - a species diverges into two or more species What is Homology? - answer✔✔Similarities among various species that occur because they are derived from a common ancestor What do es cladistics compare? - answer✔✔Study and classification of species based on evolutionary relationships -considering the various possible pathways of changes and then choosing the tree that requires the least complex explanation What is the difference bet ween a primitive character and a derived character? - answer✔✔-
Primitive: Shared by two or more different taxa and inherited from ancestors older than their last common ancestor -Derived: Shared by two or more species or taxa and has originated in their mo st recent common ancestor EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 26, 2024 9:30 AM Be able to explain and put in a time frame some of the major episodes in the history of life on earth. (The clock analogy) - answer✔✔-13.7 bya - Universe began with the Big Bang -4.6 bya -- Our solar system began -The Earth is 4.5 5 billion years old -4 bya - Earth had cooled enough for outer layers to solidify and oceans to form -between 4 and 3.5 bya - Life emerged What organisms, and process they perform, would be responsible for the accumulation of atmospheric oxygen about 2.8 billion years ago? - answer✔✔Prokaryotes What are protists? - answer✔✔eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants, mostly unicellular, and ancestral to all other eukaryotes. Explain the two -stage hypothesis for the origin of Eukaryotic cells, and be able to define endosymbiosis. - answer✔✔Symbiosis is a more general association between organisms of two or more species -Endosymbiosis: ref ers to one species living inside another host species and is the process by which eukaryotes gained mitochondria and chloroplasts. Understand how protists can be seen as the link between unicellular and multicellular life. - answer✔✔-An ancestral colony ma y have formed when a cell divided and remained attached to offspring -Cells in the colony may have become specialized and interdependent -Additional specialization may have led to sex cells and nonereproductive cells What is the fossil record? - answer✔✔Preserved remains of past life on Earth Be able to explain radioisotope dating & half -life. - answer✔✔-Fossils can be dated using elemental isotopes in accompanying rock -Half-life - length of time required for exactly one -half of original isotope to decay We talked about several things that could affect the fossil record & create bias. (Table 22.1), be able to identify and explain these factors. - answer✔✔-Anatomy:hard body -Size: larger organisms -Number: Greater number over larger area -Environment: Inland Species, away from water
evolutionary history of a species or group of species -To propose a phylogeny, biologists use the tools of systematics What are the two ways a new species can be formed? - answer✔✔-Anagenesis - single species evolves into a different species -Cladogenesis - a species diverges into two or more species What is Homology? - answer✔✔Similarities among various species that occur because they are derived from a common ancestor What do es cladistics compare? - answer✔✔Study and classification of species based on evolutionary relationships -considering the various possible pathways of changes and then choosing the tree that requires the least complex explanation What is the difference bet ween a primitive character and a derived character? - answer✔✔-
Primitive: Shared by two or more different taxa and inherited from ancestors older than their last common ancestor -Derived: Shared by two or more species or taxa and has originated in their mo st recent common ancestor EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 26, 2024 9:30 AM Be able to explain and put in a time frame some of the major episodes in the history of life on earth. (The clock analogy) - answer✔✔-13.7 bya - Universe began with the Big Bang -4.6 bya -- Our solar system began -The Earth is 4.5 5 billion years old -4 bya - Earth had cooled enough for outer layers to solidify and oceans to form -between 4 and 3.5 bya - Life emerged What organisms, and process they perform, would be responsible for the accumulation of atmospheric oxygen about 2.8 billion years ago? - answer✔✔Prokaryotes What are protists? - answer✔✔eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants, mostly unicellular, and ancestral to all other eukaryotes. Explain the two -stage hypothesis for the origin of Eukaryotic cells, and be able to define endosymbiosis. - answer✔✔Symbiosis is a more general association between organisms of two or more species -Endosymbiosis: ref ers to one species living inside another host species and is the process by which eukaryotes gained mitochondria and chloroplasts. Understand how protists can be seen as the link between unicellular and multicellular life. - answer✔✔-An ancestral colony ma y have formed when a cell divided and remained attached to offspring -Cells in the colony may have become specialized and interdependent -Additional specialization may have led to sex cells and nonereproductive cells What is the fossil record? - answer✔✔Preserved remains of past life on Earth Be able to explain radioisotope dating & half -life. - answer✔✔-Fossils can be dated using elemental isotopes in accompanying rock -Half-life - length of time required for exactly one -half of original isotope to decay We talked about several things that could affect the fossil record & create bias. (Table 22.1), be able to identify and explain these factors. - answer✔✔-Anatomy:hard body -Size: larger organisms -Number: Greater number over larger area -Environment: Inland Species, away from water
