CPN Practice Examination Questions with Correct Rationale

Although vitamin supplementation is occasionally needed, an overdose of fat-soluble vitamins can lead to liver toxicity. Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin that is NOT fat-soluble? A. Vitamin A. B. Vitamin E. C. Vitamin C. D. Vitamin K. Correct Answer C: Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin. Water-soluble vitamins are excreted rapidly so they do not cause toxicity although excess dosages may have some adverse effects. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are all fat-soluble and are stored in the fat for longer periods of time, so excess dosages are more likely to result in toxic reactions, such as liver toxicity. Treatment for asthma is based on guidelines related to symptom severity to determine whether medical control is adequate. If a 7-year-old female has daily daytime symptoms and symptoms more than one night per week, her asthma is in which of the following categories? A. Severe persistent. B. Moderate persistent. C. Mild persistent. D. Mild intermittent. Correct Answer B: Asthma symptoms occurring daily and more than one night during the week are classified as moderate persistent. Treatment includes inhaled steroids with long-acting inhaled beta2-agonists. A humanistic theorist of the 20th century described a hierarchy of basic needs for all humans. His "hierarchy of needs" builds from the most basic for survival (physiologic) and ends to the most developed (self-actualization). What is the name of this philosopher? A. Carl Rogers. B. Lawrence Kohlberg. C. John Bowlby. D. Abraham Maslow. Correct Answer D: Abraham Maslow wrote about the "hierarchy of needs" concept. Carl Rogers developed the person-centered humanistic approach to psychology. Lawrence Kohlberg described stages in moral development, and John Bowlby developed a theory of attachment. In Piaget's stages of cognitive development, the "concrete operational thinking" stage involves the child thinking in terms of absolute right and wrong without the ability to reason more complex issues. What age range does this occur in? A. Birth to 2 years B. 2 to 7 years C. 7 to 12 years D. Over 12 years Correct Answer C: "Concrete operational thinking" stage occurs in the 7 to 12 age range when the child is able to think more logically but relies on the concrete rather than the abstract. As children become more able to understand complex issues in adolescence, they progress to the "formal operational thinking" stage. A parent is noted to be very strict with harsh discipline, high expectations, low support, and low parent-child communication. What parenting style would this be considered as? A. Authoritative parenting. B. Permissive-neglectful parenting. C. Democratic-indulgent parenting. D. Authoritarian parenting. Correct Answer D: A strict, harsh parent with high expectations but poor communication is authoritarian. Authoritarian, permissive-neglectful, and democratic :indulgent parenting styles are less effective than authoritative. Which permanent teeth eruption usually occurs first? A. Central incisors. B. Lateral incisors. C. Cuspids (canines). D. First premolars (Bicuspids). Correct Answer A: The central incisors are usually the first permanent teeth to erupt around age 7 to 8, followed by the lateral incisors, the canines, the premolars (bicuspids), and finally the molars. A 10-year-old male has a repetitive and persistent dysfunctional pattern of aggressive behavior and violation of the law, social norms, and the rights of others. With which psychological disorder is this most consistent? A. Oppositional-defiant disorder. B. Conduct disorder. C. ADHD. D. Autism. Correct Answer B: A pattern of aggressive behavior with violation of the law and social norms is typical of conduct disorder. DSM-IV-TR criteria also include aggressive behavior to people or animals, destruction of property, lying or stealing, and serious rule violations. Oppositional-defiant disorder is a pattern of behavior characterized by negative and defiant behavior towards parents, teachers, and authority figures. Which of the following would NOT be an expected clinical finding consistent with this disorder? A. Argumentative with parents. B. Defiance of rules and requests. C. Avoids activities that require focused mental attention. D. Loses temper easily Correct Answer C: Avoidance of tasks that require mental attention and focus is a finding more consistent with ADHD than oppositional-defiant disorder, which involves defiant behavior rather than impaired mental ability. Learning disabilities refer to difficulties in various aspects of learning and a significantly lowered school performance than expected. Which of the following conditions is NOT commonly associated with learning disabilities? A. Lead poisoning. B. Cystic fibrosis. C. Fetal alcohol syndrome. D. Fragile- X syndrome. Correct Answer B: Cystic fibrosis is not linked to any learning disabilities. Lead poisoning, fetal alcohol syndrome, and fragile-X syndrome are all common conditions associated with learning disabilities. After traumatic birth, a neonate is found to have diffuse edema of the soft tissue of the scalp, crossing suture lines. What is this finding in a neonate called? A. Macrocephaly. B. Caput succedaneum. C. Cephalohematoma. D. Microcephaly. Correct Answer B: Edema of the scalp is caput succedaneum and usually resolves after 2 to 4 days. A cephalohematoma will not usually cross suture lines. Macrocephaly is an enlarged head, and microcephaly is a small head. A 16-year-old male is found to have a tall stature, small penis and testes, scoliosis, and decreased testosterone levels. On genetic typing, he is found to have an extra X chromosome (47XXY). What is this syndrome called? A. Trisomy 21. B. Trisomy 18. C. Turner's syndrome. D. Klinefelter's syndrome. Correct Answer D: The 47XXY genetic typing is Klinefelter's syndrome. Turner's syndrome is 45XO. Trisomy 18 occurs with 3 copies of the 18th chromosome, causing many medical disorders. Trisomy 21 occurs with an extra 21st chromosome, resulting in intellectual disability as well as physical abnormalities. A 6-year-old uncircumcised male has a foreskin that cannot easily be retracted over the glans penis. What is the name for this urologic condition? A. Cryptorchidism. B. Hydrocele. C. Varicocele. D. Phimosis. Correct Answer D: The inability to retract the foreskin past the glans penis after the age of 5 is called phimosis. As this can lead to painful swelling, a consultation with a urologist for potential circumcision is advised. Cryptorchidism is an undescended testis. Hydrocele occurs when an abnormality causes fluid to collect in the scrotum or along the spermatic cord. Varicocele is a varicosity in the vessels about the spermatic cord. While performing an exam on a newborn, the examiner flexes the hip and adducts the thigh and palpates a "clunk" indicating displacement of the femoral head. What is this physical exam test called? A. Ortolani's test. B. Gower's sign. C. Allis's sign. D. Barlow test. Correct Answer D: A palpable "clunk" with a flexed, adducted hip is a positive Barlow test and indicates hip dislocation or subluxation present. Ortolani's test is also used to diagnosed congenital hip dislocation. Gower's sign assesses muscle weakness in the lower limbs and is used with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. Allis's sign indicates fracture of the femur neck.