Pathophysiology_chp-1-hw-lecture-notes-1

Homework Notes Class Notes INTRODUCTION TO PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Learning Objectives ● Define pathophysiology and identify its importance for clinical practice ● Identify key health and disease concepts Pathophysiology Concepts 1. Pathophysiology is the study of what happens when normal anatomy and physiology go wrong, potentially causing diseases or abnormal states a. Explains why a patient looks a certain way when they have a certain disease, why the medicines we give them work, why the side effects of treatments occur, and why complications sometimes transpire 2. Health and Disease a. Health: absence of disease, wellness of mind body and spirit b. Disease: state in which a bodily function is no longer occurring normally i. Hereditary: transmitted befoer birth ii. Congenital: present at birth iii. Genetic diseases: abnormalities in the individuals genetic makeup iv. Developmental: abnormalities that arise during fetal development v. Inflammatory: trigger inflammatory response vi. Degenerative: cause parts of the body to deteriorate vii. Metabolic: metabolism disease (exdiabetes) viii. Neoplastic: abnormal or uncontrolled cellular growth 3. Homeostasis a. Self-regulating, give and take system that responds to minor changes in the body through compensation mechanisms used to counter the change and return body to normal state INTRODUCTION TO PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Alice Park Course introduction: In class time begins with Q&A, next a quiz (on what you read), 3 post quizzes, none the first week; midterm + cumulative final exam; next case studies and group work to be submitted before we leave; ATI portion 2 modules; practice assessment (anatomy review) Nursing Student Success: Can do attitude, stress reducing activity, self care, partner with others, express emotions, seek support Civility: respectful, caring presence, professionalism, being attentive, attendance/lateness/leaving early, communication, preparedness Pathophysiology Concepts 1. Pathology (involving a disease) + Physiology (study of how a living organism functions) a. Study of abnormal changes in boyd function that are the cause or consequences of disease processes 2. What happens when normal things in the body and why does it happen (etiology) a. Manifestations + treatment 3. Health: absence of disease/wellness of mind body spirit 4. Disease: a state in which a bodily function is no longer occurring normally, disruption in homeostasis 5. Disease classification a. Hereditary: transmitted genetically from one generation to another b. Genetic: abnormality in DNA/chromosomes, not always hereditary (env) c. Congenital: birth defect (can be genetic, could be caused by meds/chemicals etc) d. Degenerative: parts of the body decline/deteriorate e. Inflammatory: disease that triggers body’s response to injury or infection ex- allergies, asthma (autoimmune disease) f. Metabolic: conditions that affect metabolism (anabolism + catabolism), producing energy in the cell to maintain life; involves nutrients exdiabetes g. Neoplastic: “new + formation,” abnormal growth, uncontrolled (tumor!) cancer= malignant 6. Homeostasis a. Tendency to maintain balance internally b. Self regulating give and take system that responds to changes in the body through compensatory mechanism (compensating to go back to normal) i. Positive feedback: not bleeding is normal state; bleeding is abnormal. Downloaded by nipsey scott () lOMoARcPSD| i. Negative feedback system: ex temp and glucose regulation, maintain a deficit in the system ii. Positive feedback: move the body away from homeostasis *childbirth, sneezing, blood clots 4. Disease Development a. Etiology: study of disease causation including infectious agents, chemicals, environmental influences i. Idiopathic: unknown etiologic factor ii. Iatrogenic: unintended effect of medical treatment iii. Predisposing: tendencies that put an individual at a higher risk iv. Instrumental in preventing the disease by distinguishing at risk populations and appropriate prevention b. Pathogenesis: how a disease develops; aka self limiting, chronic, changes, damage (reversible?) i. Compensatory mechanisms: physiological strategies the body employs to maintain normalcy c. Disease onset: i. acute (sudden): pronounced indicators such as paint or vomiting ii. Insidious (gradual): vague signals ex hypertension d. Disease duration i. Acute: occurring quickly ii. Chronic: occurs over a longer time ex diabetes; can also experience acute onset (ex asthma attack) e. Manifestations: clinical evidence or effect of disease i. Signs: what can be seen or measured ii. Symptoms: what a patient describes that is not visible to healthcare practitioner Enhances original stimulus until body goes back to normal; platelet aggregation until body goes back to normal: formation of blood clots, child birth: oxytocin is released from pituitary gland to cause uterus to contract; enhanced until body goes back to normal state (not being pregnant) ii. Negative feedback system: inhibits stimulus. Ex- control of high/low blood sugar by insulin/glucagon; insulin lowers high glucose in blood by uptaking and storing in the liver as glycogen. When blood sugar is low, glucagon released from pancreas and breaks down glycogen to increase blood sugar Ex: body temperature, high temp causes body to activate compensatory mechanisms (sweating, vasodilation in skin to facilitate heat loss, heavy breathing), so temperature goes down 7. Disease Development a. Etiology: cause or reason for disease i. Includes infectious agents, chemicals, env influences ets ii. Idiopathic: unknown cause iii. Iatrogenic: unintended effect of medical treatment Ex: cystoscopy for blood in urine causing UTI, bowel perforation during endoscopy iv. Predisposing/Risk Factors: tendencies that enhance risk for developing certain disease Ex: age, gender, health, diet, nutritional activity status, genetics, etc b. Diagnosis: identification of the disease c. Disease Duration i. Acute: short term, resolve quickly Ex: food poisoning, flu, cold ii. Chronic: occur over a long period of time, gradual/insidious onset, less noticeable signs (more than 3 mo) d. Manifestations: clinical effects or evidence of disease, Signs and Symptoms i. Subjective= symptoms; why is the person complaining of symptom or showing sign (objective) ii. Constantly relate manifestations to diseases iii. Atypical symptoms: unexpected ex: shortness of breath (resp) during heart attack Covid: losing ability to smell (not resp) iv. Syndrome: group of signs and symptoms that occur together ex: Down Syndrome (congenital genetic disease) v. Remission: when the clinical manifestation of a disease disappears vi. Exacerbation: clinical manifestation Downloaded by nipsey scott () lOMoARcPSD| iii. Syndrome: group of signs and symptoms together iv. Remission: manifestations subside v. Exacerbation: manifestations increase again f. Treatment i. Strategies used to cure or manage a disease ii. Prevention: strategies used to avoid development of a disease in a group ex vaccines, screening, lifestyle changes iii. Convalescence: stage of recovery following a disease iv. Prognosis: individuals likelihood of making a full recovery v. Mortality: death rate vi. Complications: problems that arise because of a disease g. Epidemiology i. Analyzes patterns of diseases in groups of people ii. Morbidity: disease rates within a group iii. Epidemics: occur when an increasing number of people with a certain disease are within a group iv. Pandemic: when the epidemic expands to a larger population increases again (asthma, heart failure etc) e. Prognosis: likelihood of making a full recovery or regaining normal function f. Mortality: death or death rate from a particular disease 7-8% for covid g. Morbidity: disease state or rate within a population h. Complications: new problem that arise because of a disease or condition i. Treatment: strategies used to cure or manage a disease j. Prevention: strategies to avoid the development of diseases (ex- vaccine, lifestyle change, screening) i. Primary: avoid development (vaccine, wearing a mask) ii. Secondary: early disease detection (screenings), prevent worsening Homework Notes Class Notes CHAPTER 1: Cellular Function Learning Objectives ● Basic cellular structure and function ● Common cellular adaptations and possible reasons for the occurrence of each ● List common causes of cell damage. Discuss cancerous cellular damage. ● Describe common genetic and congenital alterations. CHAPTER 1: CELLULAR FUNCTION PART 1 Cells 1. Basic membrane-bound functional unit of a living organism; separates inside and outside of a cell a. Eukaryotic: distinct membrane bound nucleus 2. Form tissues (aggregation of structurally similar cells that act together to perform muscle (cardiac, skeletal, smooth), epithelial, connective, nerve), organs, and organ systems 3. Also basic unit of diseases: disturbances at cellular level 4. Vary in size and shape (figure 1-1) a. Nerve cell, fat cell b. Cell molecule (atoms together) atoms 5. Functions * a. Exchanging materials b. Metabolism- anabolism (simple molecule to more complex, uses energy, ex forming glycogen from sugar) + catabolism (breakdown complex molecules into more simple ones,