Human Learning Principles 2, Human Learning Principles, BCIA: Human Learning Principles Questions and Answers

Human Learning Principles 2, Human Learning Principles, BCIA: Human Learning Principles Questions and Answers Classical conditioning applies primarily to ____ responses; operant conditioning applies primarily to ____ responses. visceral; reflexive skeletal; reflexive visceral; skeletal skeletal; visceral The traditional view before Miller and DiCara's landmark operant conditioning studies was that classical conditioning applies primarily to visceral responses; operant conditioning applies primarily to skeletal responses. You gradually increase your patient's EEG training goal until she produces theta 50% of the time during a 30-second epoch. The process of reinforcing successive approximations of desired behavior is termed shaping. When we reduce the frequency of feedback a biofeedback patient receives, this is analogous to the operant conditioning procedure of discrimination. extinction. fading. negative reinforcement. When we reduce the frequency of feedback a biofeedback patient receives, this is analogous to the operant conditioning procedure of fading. Reducing a patient's dependence on external feedback after learning self-regulation skills helps the patient transfer these skills to settings outside of the clinic. In operant conditioning, UNLIKE classical conditioning, every response leads to a combination of both reinforcement and punishment. the stimuli will be presented at certain times regardless of the individual's actions. individuals learn without actually doing anything. the individual's response controls the outcome (reinforcement or punishment). In operant conditioning, UNLIKE classical conditioning, the individual's response controls the outcome (reinforcement or punishment). In contrast, in classical conditioning, the individual reflexively responds to a stimulus. You have not complied with your patient's attempts to schedule sessions in the evening when your office is closed. After two months of no rescheduling requests, your patient repeatedly raises the issue. This pattern illustrates the phenomenon of covert learning. extinction. generalization. spontaneous recovery. Refusal to reinforce operant behaviors like rescheduling requests does not eliminate them from a patient's repertoire. This is demonstrated by spontaneous recovery where an unreinforced operant behavior unexpectedly reappears. A skill like increasing beta amplitude is considered "voluntary" when it can be elicited by instructions. You were once stung by a bee and now you are somewhat frightened by all insects. You are displaying spontaneous recovery. successive approximation. stimulus generalization. discrimination. In this example, a conditioned fear response has generalized from the initial stimulus (bee) to new stimuli (other insects). This process is called stimulus generalization and it allows us to expand our repertoire to deal with situations we have not previously encountered. After receiving a bee sting, we don't have to receive a wasp sting to learn to avoid them. A therapist reinforces a child's reduction of theta amplitude by playing music whenever a training goal is met. How does the music aid EEG biofeedback training? directly increasing learning increasing motivation to perform reducing drive restoring homeostasis Reinforcement is not required to learn a self-regulation skill. Secondary reinforcers like music aid learning by increasing a patient's motivation to perform skills already acquired. If a patient's reports of anxiety result in desired attention from family members, this could ______ this symptom. positively reinforce In both avoidance learning and escape learning, coping behaviors are _______. negatively reinforced If you give a dog some food every time you sound one tone but fail to present food after a second tone, you are likely to produce stimulus generalization. spontaneous recovery. discrimination. backward conditioning. You can teach discrimination by delivering reinforcement after one stimulus (tone), but not after another Stephen reduced the number of cigarettes he smokes a day after developing a painful cough he attributed to smoking. This illustrates the operant principle of extinction. negative reinforcement. positive reinforcement. punishment. Stephen's example illustrates the operant principle of punishment since the consequence (painful cough) that followed an operant behavior (smoking) decreased its frequency. In one experiment, the conditioned stimulus was always followed immediately by the unconditioned stimulus. However, the unconditioned stimulus was frequently presented at other times as well. The fact that animals displayed little or no response to the conditioned stimulus indicates that classical conditioning depends on positive reinforcement. chaining. the degree to which the CS predicts the US. temporal contiguity. Classical conditioning depends on the ability of the conditioned stimulus to predict the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus. When the conditioned stimulus is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus, this weakens the predictive relationship and undermines classical conditioning. Dawn practices healthy computing exercises 15 minutes a day, 5 times a week. This pattern represents _______ practice. massed negative paradoxical spaced Dawn practices healthy computing exercises 15 minutes a day, 5 times a week. This pattern represents spaced practice which is recommended for skill acquisition. A dyslexic child increasingly reports stomach pain since this previously permitted escape from frustrating reading assignments. Which process is involved here? negative reinforcement Pavlov believed that presenting the CS at nearly the same time as the UCS caused a connection in the brain to form so that the animal treated the CS as if it were the UCS. Psychologists today believe that the animal treats the CS as if it were the UCR. treats the CS as the UCS, but the brain is not involved. uses the CS as a positive reinforcer. uses the CS as a predictor that the UCS is coming. Learning theorists believe that animals use the CS to predict that the UCS is coming. When Susan increases SMR activity and decreases theta activity following a prodrome to prevent a generalized seizure, this illustrates avoidance learning. escape learning. positive reinforcement. the Premack principle. Susan's example illustrates avoidance learning where successful self- regulation of her EEG is negatively reinforced by prevention of a generalized seizure. You have not complied with your patient's attempts to schedule sessions in the evening when your office is closed. After two months of no rescheduling requests, your patient repeatedly raises the issue. This pattern illustrates the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery. Refusal to reinforce operant behaviors like rescheduling requests does not eliminate them from a patient's repertoire. This is demonstrated by spontaneous recovery where an unreinforced operant behavior unexpectedly reappears. Which reinforcement schedule is most vulnerable to extinction? A 1-10 ratio is most vulnerable to extinction because a subject more rapidly recognizes that reinforcement has stopped. Seligman's concept of learned helplessness, where patients stop trying to cope due to lack of success, can be best explained by the operant conditioning principle of discrimination. extinction. generalization. punishment. Seligman's concept of learned helplessness, where patients stop trying to cope due to lack of success, can be best explained by the operant conditioning principle of extinction. As a rule, behaviorists assume that the primary motivation of people is the striving for self-actualization. people understand the reasons behind their own behaviors and can describe them accurately. unconscious thought processes govern different behaviors from the ones that conscious thought processes influence. every behavior is caused or determined through processes that can be scientifically studied. Behaviorists believe that every behavior is caused or determined through processes that can be scientifically studied. A conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented and always followed by an unconditioned stimulus. Will the animal necessarily develop a conditioned response? Why or why not? Yes, the animal must develop a conditioned response because of the principle of temporal contiguity. It depends. The animal may or may not develop a conditioned response, depending on whether or not the CS is similar to the UCS. Yes, the animal must develop a conditioned response because of the principle of spontaneous recovery. It depends. The animal may or may not develop a conditioned response, depending on whether or not the CS predicts the UCS. The conditioned stimulus (CS) will only elicit a conditioned response (CR) when it predicts the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). Contiguity is insufficient to elicit the CR. What is a learning process underlying the placebo response? classical conditioning motor learning perceptual learning social learning Ader has shown that the placebo response can be classically conditioned. Dawn practices healthy computing exercises 15 minutes a day, 5 times a week. This pattern represents _______ practice. spaced According to the Premack principle, is it possible to train an animal to drink more water by giving it food as reinforcement for drinking? Yes, but it is possible only when the animal would ordinarily spend more time drinking than eating. No, it is impossible to reinforce an animal for a natural response such as drinking. Yes, food is a reinforcement for any response at any time. Yes, but it is possible only when the animal would ordinarily spend more time eating than drinking. The Premack principle requires that you reinforce one behavior with a more reinforcing behavior. For example, a parent might allow 1 hour of online gaming for every 4 hours of studying You gradually increase your patient's EEG training goal until she produces theta 50% of the time during a 30-second epoch. The process of reinforcing successive approximations of desired behavior is termed discrimination. fading. generalization. shaping. Shaping is the reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior such as increased theta amplitude. What is a learning process underlying the placebo response? classical conditioning Seligman's concept of learned helplessness, where patients stop trying to cope due to lack of success, can be best explained by the operant conditioning principle of extinction. A computer-based EEG biofeedback training system reveals increasing segments of a scenic picture as a patient increases beta amplitude. The visual display provides _______ reinforcement. negative noncontingent primary secondary The feedback display provides contingent positive secondary reinforcement. After a subject has developed a classically conditioned response, an investigator begins presenting the conditioned stimulus by itself. Which of the following is likely to occur? extinction stimulus generalization spontaneous recovery acquisition Extinction of a conditioned response (CR) occurs when it is no longer followed by an unconditioned stimulus) UCS. When this happens, the conditioned stimulus (CS) no longer predicts the UCS. Which of the following would be an example of punishment (passive avoidance)? Because you drive recklessly, you temporarily lose the privilege of driving the family car. You turn off a dripping faucet, ending the "drip-drip-drip" sound. You drink less beer than you once did, because you feel sick after drinking more than one can. Your swimming coach says you cannot go to the next swim meet (which you were looking forward to) because you broke a training rule. Punishment (passive avoidance) reduces the frequency of behavior (beer consumption) due to its unpleasant consequences. Catherine's muscle relaxation practice has progressed so that she can reduce muscle bracing at both the computer keyboard and when she is driving in rush hour traffic. This illustrates the operant principle of discrimination. extinction. generalization. positive reinforcement. Catherine's muscle relaxation practice has progressed so that she can reduce muscle bracing at both the computer keyboard and when she is driving in rush hour traffic. This illustrates the operant principle of generalization. Catherine's muscle relaxation practice has progressed so that she can reduce muscle bracing at both the computer keyboard and when she is driving in rush hour traffic. This illustrates the operant principle of generalization.