BIOL 322 Final Exam Questions and Verified Answers

Hydrostatic skeletal systems mevhanical advantage for cylindrical hydrostats Wall tension for internally pressurized containers Importance of collagenous connective tissue Pliable skeletons time-dependent properties (mesoglea) Stiffening gel matrices with spicules Hydrostatic skeletons criteria fluid maintained at constant volume Container for fluid must be deformable Container for fluid is wrapped in muscle and connective tissue Fluid in a deformable container that is wrapped in muscle transmits force of muscle contraction Conventional hydrostats tube feet of echinoderms Lophophoral tentacles of bryozoans Errantid annelid: coelomic compartments Sea anemone gvc Muscular hydrostats arms of cephalopod: no hard elements to transmit force Solid muscle The foot of gastropods Force transmission platyhelmintes have no coelomic compartments Any deformable compressible material at constant volume can transmit force Parenchymal cells turbellarians Octopus histological transverse section through arm solid mass of muscle and connective tisssue to transmit force of muscle contraction Skeletons that facilitate movment options stiff levers or hydrostats transmit force created by muscle shortening (to do work against environment) Re extend antagonistic muscles Exploit mechanical advantage (force or displacement amplification) Mechanical advantage for cylindical hydrostats cyllinders with different volumes have different lengths and diameters Non-linear relationship of length and diameter V= pir^2l Length and radius non-linear