CHAPTER 3 LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT – INFANCY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024

CHAPTER 3 LIFESPAN DEVELOPMENT – INFANCY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024 physical growth in infants - ANSWER - first two years baby grows at a rapid pace how does the head size relative to the rest of the body change from birth to two years? - ANSWER - birth head is 1/4 of body - by age two head is 1/5 (other body parts catch up) four principles of growth - ANSWER cephalocaudal proximodistal hierarchical integration independence of systems cephalocaudal principle of growth - ANSWER the principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body proximodistal principle of growth - ANSWER the principle that development proceeds from the centre of the body outward principle of hierarchical integrations - ANSWER the principle that simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills principle of independence of systems - ANSWER the principle that different body systems grow at different rates neurons - ANSWER the basic nerve cell of the nervous system synapse - ANSWER the gap at the connection between neurons, through which neurons chemically communicate with one another *label a neuron on page 87* - ANSWER *label a neuron on page 87* synaptic pruning - ANSWER synapses/connections that are not necessary and dont become interconnected with other neurons die out to increase the efficiency of the nervous system myelin - ANSWER a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses cerebral cortex - ANSWER the upper level of the brain that holds neurons that are grouped together by function - in charge of reasoning and thinking subcortical levels - ANSWER the most fully developed at birth regulate breathing and heart rate plasticity - ANSWER the degree to which a developing structure or behaviour is modifiable due to experience sensitive period - ANSWER a specific but limited time, usually early in an organism's life, during which the organism is particularly susceptible to environmental influences relating to some particular facet of development rhythms - ANSWER repetitive, cyclical patterns of behaviour state - ANSWER the degree of awareness he or she displays to both internal and external stimulation - alertness, fussing, crying, levels of sleep etc at what point to infants begin to sleep as much as 6 continuous hours at night and fall into regular nap like patterns? - ANSWER 16 weeks (4 months) REM sleep - ANSWER a period of sleep in older children and adults that is associated with dreaming infants have a similar period of active sleep though it is not identical how long does the REM like sleep last for an infants sleep compared to adults? how long does it last for babies who are 6 months? - ANSWER 50% for infants, 20% adults, 33% for six month olds what happens during infant REM like sleep if they aren't dreaming (have similar sleep waves to adults around 4 months) - ANSWER autostimulation autostimulation (def) - ANSWER a means for the brain to stimulate itself SIDS - sudden infant death syndrome - ANSWER the unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby 1/2000 infants usually just stop breathing for no reason (not choking or smothering) how can you try to prevent SIDS - ANSWER lie the child on its back dont smoke use a pacifier dont share a bed use a safe location reflexes - ANSWER unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli rooting reflex - ANSWER rub the cheek and the baby will root for the nipple startle reflex/moro reflex - ANSWER in response to a sudden noise, flings out arms, arches its back and spreads its fingers