UCSB EEMB 2, set 1(Dr. Evens) Questions And Answers With Verified Solutions Graded A+

5 basic types of predation - carnivory, parasitism, parasitoids, cannabalism, herbivory Abiotic components - non-living chemical and physical factors(temperature, light, water, nutrients) ammensalism - one species is harmed and the other is unaffected(-,0) ex: larger tree shading smaller stature tree aquatic vs. terrestrial systems - terrestrial--> 3 trophic levels(odd number=resource limitation) aquatic--> 4 trophic levels(even number=consumer limitation) Aristotle - Historia animalium assumptions of the logistic growth model - -each individual added to the population has the same negative affect on the pop growth -population approaches k smoothly -populations are large and density is important in regulation biodiversity - -genetic diversity -species diversity -ecosystem diversity Biogeographic regions - boundaries are set where species composition changes quickly over short distances Biotic components - living(biological) factors (other organisms, competition, predation)Black rat and Mongoose - black rat does too much damage, puts native bird species in danger. Mongoose is introduced to eat rat and ends up eating bird as well, bird goes extinct Buffon, Malthus, Quetelet, Verhulst - Population regulation clear predator prey cycle - snow shoe hare and lynx ~10 year cycle Commensalism - one species benefits, the other is unaffected(+,0) ex: human and cockroach Community structure( diversity-stability hypothesis) - 1. Disturbance in diverse communities is dampened by large numbers of interacting species 2. the effect of disturbance is less than it would be in species poor communities exp: grassland plots, 207 plots that varied in species richness--> higher diversity increases community stability Community structure(int. disturbance hypothesis) - - moderate disturbance yields higher species diversity (allows colonizers(r) and competitors(k) to coexist) ex: ellwood boulder fields comp. example( factors limiting distribution) - Chthamulus(small) vs. balanus(large)--> Zonation -balanus cannot survive in upper zone due to dessication -thamulus cannot survive in lower due to comp with balanus, survive when balanus is removed competition - both species are harmed(-,-) ex: Lion and hyena competition(-,-) - intraspecific: comp within a speciesinterspecific: comp between two different species interference comp(direct contact)vs. exploitative:indirect interaction over resources Density- dependent control - Factors that alter per capita birth or death rates in a population are dependent on population density(can stabilize pop. density ex: bubonic plague, parasitism, comp, predation Density- Independent control - Factors that alter per capita birth or death rates in a population are independent of population density(does not stabilize population density) Ex: monarch butterfly, logging plus freeze diversity index - H= the sum of Pi ln Pi -for any given species richness, diversity(H) goes up with species evenness -for any given species evenness, diversity goes up with species richness does the logistic model fit? - rarely, it assumes the environment remains constant, no predators. no comp from other species populations may oscillate about K Ecological Scales - Biosphere>Ecosystem>Community>Pop.>Organism Ecology - -The study of the distribution and abundance of organisms -the factors and interactions that determine distribution and abundance Edward Forbes, H.C. Cowles - community regulation and succession Equilibrium model of island biogeography - # of species on island S(LN)>S(SN)>S(LF)>S(SF) example: Mangrove islands(Florida)Equilibrium view - -Communities are structured by biotic interactions(herbivory, pred, comp) -communities display global stability -niche diversification determines species diversity