Behavioral Neuroscience Chapters 1-4
Monism - ANSWERMind and Body are a single substance.
Dualism - ANSWERMind and Body are separate. o The body is material and the mind is nonmaterial.
o The mind influences behavior by interacting with the brain.
How did Helmholtz determine that nerves do not conduct electricity like wires do? - ANSWERHelmholtz measured the speed of conduction in nerves, and his calculation fell short of the speed of electricity.
Neuromyth 1: Only 10% of the brain. - ANSWERIt is way too expensive in terms of calories to have if you're not using of it.
Neuromyth 2: Enriching environment help babies with brain functioning. - ANSWERDeprivation is harmful to brain development, however extra enrichment does not lead to super brain.
Neuromyth 3: Catering to learning styles: visual vs. verbal? - ANSWERTrue: People often have preferred learning styles. False: Doesn't seem to matter the way something is presented to match your learning. There is no difference; one is able to learn visually and verbally.
Mentalistic Monism - ANSWEREverything is NONPHYSICAL.
Materialistic Monism - ANSWERMind and body are ALL PHYSICAL.
Localization - ANSWERIdea that specific areas of the brain carry out specific functions.
What did the case of Phineas Gage suggest? - ANSWERPhineas Gage (1848) a railroad construction foreman was injured and a rod went through his skull and the frontal lobe of his brain. He survived with no impairments to his intelligence, memory, speech, or movement. But
he became irresponsible & unable to abide by social norms.
Equipotentiality - ANSWERIdea that the brain functions as an undifferentiated whole.
How can an offspring have a different phenotype than its parents? - ANSWERAn offspring can have a different phenotype than its parents because the offspring may have two recessive alleles carried from each parent. What is a X-linked trait? - ANSWERA characteristic produced by an unpaired gene on the X chromosome (aka sex-linked chain).
How does it explain why males are more likely to be color blind than females? - ANSWERMales are more likely to be color blind than females because of the large discrepancy of genes on the X and Y chromosome.
Discuss what is meant by "nature versus nurture." - ANSWERHow important heredity is relative to environmental influences in shaping behavior.
Examples of "nature and nurture." - ANSWERSome critics complain that attributing behavior to heredity is just a form of excusing actions, and rather people should be held for their actions.
Occipital - ANSWERLobe of the brain that processes vision.
Temporal Summation - ANSWERCombines potentials arriving a short time apart.
Spatial Summation - ANSWERcombines potentials occurring simultaneously at different
locations on the dendrites and cell body.
all-or-none law - ANSWERAction potential always occurs at full strength, doesn't vary, and nondecremental.
Nodes of Ranvier - ANSWERGaps in the myelin sheath.
salutatory conduction - ANSWERAt each Node of Ranvier, the membrane is exposed and there are plenty of sodium channels. → Graded potential triggers an action potential → Action potentials jump from node to node in a form of transmission
How does multiple sclerosis affect the conduction of action potentials? - ANSWERo Multiple sclerosis destroys myelin. Myelin is lost, reducing the distance that graded potential can travel before dying out. o Conduction slows or stops in affected neurons.
Reuptake - ANSWERThe transmitter brought back into the terminals.
Inactivation - ANSWEREnzymes break down the transmitter in the cleft.
Drugs - ANSWERSome mimic natural transmitters and stimulate receptors themselves (agonists)
Some block neurotransmitter receptors (antagonists) - Naloxone, for example.
Some enhance or reduce transmitter effects.
Monism - ANSWERMind and Body are a single substance.
Dualism - ANSWERMind and Body are separate. o The body is material and the mind is nonmaterial.
o The mind influences behavior by interacting with the brain.
How did Helmholtz determine that nerves do not conduct electricity like wires do? - ANSWERHelmholtz measured the speed of conduction in nerves, and his calculation fell short of the speed of electricity.
Neuromyth 1: Only 10% of the brain. - ANSWERIt is way too expensive in terms of calories to have if you're not using of it.
Neuromyth 2: Enriching environment help babies with brain functioning. - ANSWERDeprivation is harmful to brain development, however extra enrichment does not lead to super brain.
Neuromyth 3: Catering to learning styles: visual vs. verbal? - ANSWERTrue: People often have preferred learning styles. False: Doesn't seem to matter the way something is presented to match your learning. There is no difference; one is able to learn visually and verbally.
Mentalistic Monism - ANSWEREverything is NONPHYSICAL.
Materialistic Monism - ANSWERMind and body are ALL PHYSICAL.
Localization - ANSWERIdea that specific areas of the brain carry out specific functions.
What did the case of Phineas Gage suggest? - ANSWERPhineas Gage (1848) a railroad construction foreman was injured and a rod went through his skull and the frontal lobe of his brain. He survived with no impairments to his intelligence, memory, speech, or movement. But
he became irresponsible & unable to abide by social norms.
Equipotentiality - ANSWERIdea that the brain functions as an undifferentiated whole.
How can an offspring have a different phenotype than its parents? - ANSWERAn offspring can have a different phenotype than its parents because the offspring may have two recessive alleles carried from each parent. What is a X-linked trait? - ANSWERA characteristic produced by an unpaired gene on the X chromosome (aka sex-linked chain).
How does it explain why males are more likely to be color blind than females? - ANSWERMales are more likely to be color blind than females because of the large discrepancy of genes on the X and Y chromosome.
Discuss what is meant by "nature versus nurture." - ANSWERHow important heredity is relative to environmental influences in shaping behavior.
Examples of "nature and nurture." - ANSWERSome critics complain that attributing behavior to heredity is just a form of excusing actions, and rather people should be held for their actions.
Occipital - ANSWERLobe of the brain that processes vision.
Temporal Summation - ANSWERCombines potentials arriving a short time apart.
Spatial Summation - ANSWERcombines potentials occurring simultaneously at different
locations on the dendrites and cell body.
all-or-none law - ANSWERAction potential always occurs at full strength, doesn't vary, and nondecremental.
Nodes of Ranvier - ANSWERGaps in the myelin sheath.
salutatory conduction - ANSWERAt each Node of Ranvier, the membrane is exposed and there are plenty of sodium channels. → Graded potential triggers an action potential → Action potentials jump from node to node in a form of transmission
How does multiple sclerosis affect the conduction of action potentials? - ANSWERo Multiple sclerosis destroys myelin. Myelin is lost, reducing the distance that graded potential can travel before dying out. o Conduction slows or stops in affected neurons.
Reuptake - ANSWERThe transmitter brought back into the terminals.
Inactivation - ANSWEREnzymes break down the transmitter in the cleft.
Drugs - ANSWERSome mimic natural transmitters and stimulate receptors themselves (agonists)
Some block neurotransmitter receptors (antagonists) - Naloxone, for example.
Some enhance or reduce transmitter effects.
