7. Diagnosis and Classification Issues: DSM-5 and more Questions And Answers With Verified Solutions Graded A+

Abnormality - Answer-forms of behavior that are outside the normal range; often labeled mental disorders, psychiatric diagnosis, or psychopathology Axes of Multiaxial Assessment - Answer-Axis 1: included disorders thought to be more episodic (likely to have beginning and ending points) Axis 2: included disorders thought to be more stable or long-lasting Axis 3 and 4: offered clinicians a place to list medical conditions and psychosocial/environmental problems, respectively, relevant to the mental health issues at hand Axis 5: provided clinicians an opportunity to place the client on a 100-point continuum describing the overall level of functioning categorical approach - Answer-in contrast to the dimensional approach, an approach to diagnosis based on the notion than an individual either has or doesn't have a particular disorder changes that the DSM-5 did not make - Answer-repairing the manual to emphasize the biological roots of mental disorders - the many mental disorders that involve biological factors also lack reliable and definitive biological markers and research hasn't yet uncovered these markers; instead of describing a client only as having or not having a specific disorder, the clinician could rate the client's symptoms on a scale - considered for future editions (for major depressive disorder); understanding personality disorders as dimensional instead of categorical - too complex and not clinically useful enough; removing 5 of the 10 personality disorders including paranoid, schizoid, histrionic, dependent, and narcissistic personality disorders - decided to retain them; new disorders considered but rejected until further revisions including: attenuated psychosis syndrome (less intense schizophrenia where the person doesn't lose touch with reality), mixed anxiety-depressive disorder (some symptoms of both anxiety and depression but not enough to qualify as an existing disorder) , and internet gaming disorder (excessive and disruptive internet game-playing behavior) Criticism: controversial cutoffs - Answer-specific cutoffs regarding the list of symptoms have had controversy of how authors are to make such judgement followed by many other questions that separate normal from abnormal functioningCriticism: Cultural issues - Answer-more women and ethnic minorities were included in earlier editions rather than creating the DSM from scratch to include them; the original authors included white males; questioning the extent to which culturally diverse populations are included within the participants in the empirical studies reflecting little to none minority experiences Criticism: Gender bias - Answer-argued that some diagnostic categories are biased toward treating one gender more than another suggesting that society plays a role in the emergence; clinicians define mental health differently depending on gender and that clients of different genders with identical symptoms often receive different diagnoses from clinicians