Nutrition 331 Final Exam Preparation (2024/2025): Questions and Answers with Full Solutions

Nutrition 331 Final Exam Preparation (2024/2025): Questions and Answers with Full Solutions Nutritionists recommend that Canadians reduce the amount of sodium and salt in their diets. What are three reasons for this? - ANSWER Nutritionists recommend that Canadians reduce the amount of sodium and salt in their diets to lower risks of hypertension, to decrease calcium excretion in the urine (to help maintain bone calcium levels), and to reduce the risk of stomach cancer. (See Units 10, 12, and 15.) Vitamin D Name - ANSWER Cholecalciferol Vitamin D Functions (3) - ANSWER Increases calcium levels (increases Ca from intestines-specific carrier protein, Increase Ca reabsorption from kidney tubules, Increase Ca removal from bones) Works with Parathyroid Hormone ACTS LIKE A HORMONE (metabolic/ neuromuscular functions) Vitamin D Deficiency Symptoms(3) - ANSWER Rickets, legs bow in (valgus deformity), legs bow out (varus deformity), rachitic rosary (beads along ribs) (swelling of rib joints), osteomalacia (adults) Vitamin D Deficiency Prevelance (11) - ANSWER Elderly (ability to convert D to active form decreases), Dark skinned (make less), limited sun exposure, clothing, vegan, obesity, malabsorption disease (Crohn's, CF, lactose intolerance), corticosteroids, BF infants, UK doesn't fortify milk, soy milk drinkers, location (smog) Vitamin A Functions (7) - ANSWER Visual cycle (rhodopsin), reproduction, cell differentiation (retinoid acid acts as a hormone) (mature keratinocytes) (maintenance of epithelial tissues), growth, bone development, immune function, antioxidant Vitamin A Deficiency (7) - ANSWER night blindness (nyctalopia), bumpy skin ( follicular hyperkeratosis), drying of mucous membranes (bitot's spots, xerosis) (eyes), loss of senses, reproductive failure, anemia, suppressed immune function Vitamin A Toxicity (7) - ANSWER polar bear liver, elderly, drowsiness, headache, bone pain, blurred vision, peeling skin, flaking around mouth Vitamin E Functions (2) - ANSWER Cellular membrane (protects against oxidation & RBC flexibility), Helps to neutralize free radicals that can cause damage Vitamin E Deficiency (4) - ANSWER Erythrocyte hemolysis, anemia, loss of muscle coordination & reflexes (RARE--> unless CF or severe problems digesting fat & fat soluble vitamins) Vitamin E Toxicity - ANSWER Increase bleeding tendencies Vitamin K Deficiency - ANSWER Hemorrhages, prolonged bleeding Vitamin C Functions (5) - ANSWER Collagen synthesis, Carnitine synthesis, catecholamine synthesis, iron absorption (helps with iron absorption, Ferric --> ferrous), immune function Vitamin C Pop. @ risk (8) - ANSWER elderly, babies on cows milk, alcoholism, smokers, food fads, low income, diseases of GI tract, iron overload Vitamin C Deficiency (10) - ANSWER SCURVY, fatigue, bruises, poor wound healing, bumpy skin (follicular hyperkeratosis), corkscrew hairs, bone pain, osteopenia (bone separates), swollen/bleeding gums, mild anemia, psychological abnormalities (depression, hysteria), scorbutic rosary Vitamin C Toxicity (3) - ANSWER Diarrhea, abdominal bloating, iron over absorption (individuals w/ hemochromatosis) HARD WITH REAL FOOD Thiamin Functions (4) - ANSWER oxidative decarboxylation reactions (pyruvate to acetly coA), DNA/RNA, neurotransmitter function, nerve conduction Thiamin Deficiency (10) - ANSWER BERIBERI, hyper-irritable (star gaze) irritation of nerves, increase lactate accumulation, decrease TCA function, BCAA metabolism, FA biosynthesis, fatigue, N&V, edema Thiamin Deficiency- Pop. @ risk (4) - ANSWER asians (rice not enriched, most lost in cooking), BF infants (T deficient mothers), Alcoholics, renal dialysis patients Riboflavin Functions(2) - ANSWER Oxidases, Dehydrogenases Riboflavin Deficiency (3) - ANSWER Cheilosis (cracked lips), stomatitis (corner mouth) (associated w/ protein malnutrition), glossitis (tongue inflamed) Niacin Deficiency - ANSWER PELLAGRA- flaky skin (exposed to sun, friction, pressure), 4 D's- diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death Biotin Functions - ANSWER Released from foods and carboxylase enzymes to use again: pyruvate-> oxaloacetate, BCAA metabolism, Acetyl CoA --> Malonyl CoA, Proprionyl CoA--> Succinyl CoA B6 Deficiency- ANSWER Seizures, skin rash, development delay- induced by IV feeding w/o biotin B6 Deficiency - ANSWER Anemia, CNS disturbances B6 Functions (2) - ANSWER Essential for AA metabolism, needed for tryptophan-->nicotinic acid Folate Functions - ANSWER Coenzyme for single C transfers, DNA/RNA synthesis, AA conversion Folate Deficiency (7) - ANSWER Diarrhea, fatigue, depression, confusion, smooth tongue, swelling (glossitis), Megaloblastic anemia (decrease DNA synthesis & failure of cells to divide) B12 Deficiency - ANSWER Megaloblastic anemia, glossitis/sore mouth, numbness/tingling in hands & feet, difficulty w/ balance, memory loss, depression, confusion, dementia, anemia