NUR 3128 - Module 13 Final Exam Questions With Verified Answers.

NUR 3128 - Module 13 Final Exam Questions With Verified Answers. Cardiac output - answer___ is calculated by multiplying the heart rate in beats per minute (beats/min) by the stroke volume (volume of blood ejected during systole) in liters per beat cardiac output - answerThe factors that determine ___ are (1) preload, (2) afterload, (3) myocardial contractility, and (4) heart rate. Preload, afterload, and contractility all affect stroke volume Preload - answer___ is the volume and pressure inside the ventricle at the end of diastole Described in two ways •ventricular end-diastolic volume [VEDV] •ventricular end-diastolic pressure [VEDP]. Preload - answer___ is determined by two primary factors: •the amount of blood left in the ventricle after systole (end-systolic volume) •the amount of venous blood returning to the ventricle during diastole. afterload - answer-Ventricular ___ is the resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricle. -It is the load the muscle must move during contraction. -The aortic systolic pressure is an index of ___. (ex. SBP) -Pressure in the ventricle must exceed the aortic pressure before blood can be pumped out during systole. afterload - answer•Affects cardiac output •Pressure in aorta that must be overcome before blood is ejected from left ventricle •Lowering blood pressure creates less afterload, resulting in less workload for the heart contractility - answer-end diastolic volume -sympathetic stimulation -myocardial oxygen supply Heart Rate - answer___ is affected by: -CNS -ANS -Neural Reflexes -Atrial Receptors -Hormones Coronary artery disease (CAD) - answer-caused by atherosclerosis is the primary cause of heart disease in the United States. -___ can diminish the myocardial blood supply until deprivation impairs myocardial metabolism enough to cause myocardial ischemia myocardial ischemia - answer- a local state in which the cells are temporarily deprived of blood supply. -The cells remain alive but cannot function normally. acute coronary syndromes - answer-Persistent ischemia or the complete occlusion of a coronary artery causes the ___, including MI (heart attack). modifiable coronary artery disease - answer___ risk factors linked to the development of ___: -Dyslipidemia (abnormal levels of cholesterol and fats in the blood) -Hypertension (high blood pressure) -Cigarette smoking -Diabetes/insulin resistance -Obesity/sedentary lifestyle -Atherogenic diet (a diet high in saturated fats, trans fats, and cholesterol) Dyslipidemia - answerrefers to abnormal concentrations of serum lipoproteins atherogenic diet - answerDiets high in salt, fats, trans-fats, and carbohydrates all have been implicated