NURS 6010 Exam 2 Guide With Complete Solution

NURS 6010 Exam 2 Guide With Comp lete Solut ion What are the first lines of defense that contribute to innate resistance? - ANSWER -physical and mechanical barriers -biochemical barriers What are examples of physical and mechanical barriers in the first line of defense? - ANSWER -skin and low skin temperature -linings of GI, GU, and respiratory tracts (highly interconnected junctions, sloughing of cells, vomiting, urinating, mucus and cilia, coughing/sneezing) What are examples of biochemical barriers in first line of defense? - ANSWER -synthesize and secrete substances to trap or destroy microorganisms (e.g., antibacterial peptides in mucus, perspiration, saliva, tears, ear wax) -normal microbiome What is the function of the normal microbiome? - ANSWER inhibits colonization by pathogens and releases chemicals that prevent infection (e.g., ammonia, phenols, indoles) What can have a negative impact on the normal microbiome? - ANSWER antibioti cs What is the second line of defense? - ANSWER inflammatory response How is the inflammatory response (2nd line of defense) activated? - ANSWER -infection -mechanical damage -ischemia -nutrient deprivation -temperature extremes -radiation What characterizes the inflammatory response (2nd line of defense)? - ANSWER -cellular and chemical components -nonspecific -rapidly initiated -no memory cells -cardinal signals -vascular response What are the cardinal signs of the inflammatory response? - ANSWER -redness -heat -swelling -loss of function -pain -fever -leukocytosis What happens with the vascular response during an inflammatory response? - ANSWER -blood vessel dilation -increased vascular permeability and leakage -WBC adherence to vessel walls -WBC migration through the vessels What is innate resistance? - ANSWER (aka natural resistance/immunity) the defense mechanisms we are born with - natural barriers and inflammatory response What is the adaptive immune system? - ANSWER specific defense/learned response - active and passive immunity What is active immunity? - ANSWER produced IN the body - antibodies or T cells produced in the body after either a natural exposure to an antigen or after vaccination What are examples of active immunity? - ANSWER infection, immunization What is passive immunity? - ANSWER produced OUTSIDE the body - preformed antibodies or T cells are produced outside the body and then transferred to a recipient What are examples of passive immunity? - ANSWER Ig administration, maternal-fetal passage of IgG, breast milk ____________ is the act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce immunity to a specific disease while _____________ is the process by which a person becomes protected against a disease through vaccination - ANSWER vaccination; immunization Protein systems provide a _________________ against invading pathogens and all contain inactive enzymes (proenzymes) that have to be activated by a chemical - ANSWER biochemical barrier Clotting systems form a ____________ at an injured/inflamed site (main substance is insoluble protein called __________) - ANSWER fibrous mesh; fibrin What are the functions of the coagulation system? - ANSWER -forms clot that stops the bleeding -traps microorganisms and foreign bodies at the site of inflammation for removal -prevents spread of infection -provides framework for repair and healing What are the two pathways of the coagulation system? - ANSWER -intrinsic: activated inside vascular space when blood vessel wall is damaged -extrinsic: activated by tissue factor which is an enzyme found in cells and on cell walls which are outside the vascular space What are the three pathways of the complement system? - ANSWER -classical -lectin -alternative What is the classical pathway of the complement system? - ANSWER antibodies attached to antigens What is the lectin pathway of the complement system? - ANSWER mannose-containing microorganism carbohydrates