Psych 217 Exam 1 Study Questions and Answers 2024

De Waal's critique of ("many") economists and politicians' model of human society - Economists believe that our purpose is to consume and produce- competition comes naturally to us. Empathy actually comes naturally to us and we are designed to socially connect to others Macho Origin 3 myths - 1) Our ancestors ruled the savanna-we come together in times of danger to be safe; security was the first reason for social life. 2) Human society is the voluntary creation of autonomous men-"we descend from a long line of group-living primates with a high degree of interdependence." 3) Humans have been waging war for as long as it has been around-our first ancestors had no need to fight with other groups because the risks were greater and they had nothing else that they needed. What is the nature of Bushmen hunter gatherer culture? - they were always on the lookout for predators. when traveling, they walked in a single-file line with a man in the lead looking out for them, and children/women in safer positions. to all survive, they had to work all together to get food, water, and keep reproducing. What is Social Darwinism and who created it? - Those who are successful shouldn't be dragged down by those who don't-created by British political professor Herbert Spencer; he came up with "survival of the fittest." he believed that eventually "the weak" would die out. What is the naturalistic fallacy? - what's typical doesn't determine what's right. "all that nature can offer is information and inspiration, not prescription." What is the idea of "Mutual Aid" and who developed it? - It's a book by Russian Prince, Petr Kropotkin. he argued that the struggle for existence is between masses of organisms against a hostile environment. cooperative groups of animals will outperform less cooperative ones. What occurs when the high ranking pigtail macaque is removed from the troop? - the group of monkeys fought more, were more intensely aggressive, decreased reconciling after fighting, and groomed and played less. high ranking macaques are like police who step in to break fights and maintain order. Who wrote the book "The Selfish Gene"? - Richard Dawkins. it basically said that humans' fundamental drives are greed and fear. What is unconscious synchrony? - you follow others in your group or just one person because it goes back to needing to stay in tune with what everyone else is doing or you'll die. "movement coordination reflects and strengthens bonds." What is body mapping and embodied cognition? - body mapping: the ability to map one's own body onto another; the other's movements become your own. embodied cognition: we involuntarily enter the bodies of those around us as if they're our own; it allows us to imitate others. we mimic those who we identify with and mimicry strengthens our bond. what does einfuhlung and empatheia mean? - einfuhlung: feeling into-"conveys the movement of one indv projecting himself into another. empathia: (greek) experiencing strong affection or passion. What was shown by the research conducted by Russell Church? - he trained rats to get food by pressing a lever, and found if one rat noticed that lever-pressing shocked a neighboring rat, it would stop-even with rats, seeing another distressing emotions distresses themselves. Bodily connections come first - understanding then follows Describe the research of Nadia Kohts - she raised a chimpanzee named Yoni and his reactions to chimps, other animals, and to his reflection in a mirror. kohts recorded every aspect of Yoni's emotional development. when kohts faked different emotions, yoni would respond accordingly; when kohts cried, yoni comforted her. Emotion first theory - from seeing someone's body language or hearing their tone of voice, we deduce their emotional state, which then affects our own. What is preconcern? - a reflexive response that brings us towards relatives or other ppl we know that are stressed. we immediately comfort ppl we know, when they are upset-it's an attraction toward anyone whose agony affects you.