IC & RC EXAM CAADC STUDY GUIDE

IC & RC EXAM CAADC STUDY GUIDE Drug - ANS-Any substance that enters the human boxy and can change either the function or structure of the human organism. This includes such items as foods, vitamins, nutrients, minerals and the like. Psychoactive Drug - ANS-A chemical substance that not only can change the function and structure of the body, but also changes one's thinking, feelings, perceptions and behavior. These changes are the result of the drug's action on the human brain. Depressant - ANS-Psychoactive drugs that slow down central nervous system function, relax or tranquilize the person, and may produce sleep. Narcotics - ANS-Psychoactive drugs - powerful painkillers, analgesics that also produce pleasurable feelings and generally induce sleep. derived from naturally occurring substances or manufactured synthetically; cause sedation and euphoria by causing depression of CNS; used to medically relieve pain, suppress cough and control diarrhea overdose can cause death by respiratory depression can cause physical/psychological dependence; impairs ability to drive; damage developing fetus; linked with the spread of AIDS due to the use of needles Stimulants - ANS-Psychoactive drugs - chemical substances that generally speed up central nervous system function, resulting in alertness and excitability. Hallucinogens - ANS-Psychoactive drugs - also called mind expanders or psychedelics, these drugs affect a person's perception, awareness and emotions, and can cause hallucinations as well as misinterpretations of reality. Inhalants - ANS-Psychoactive drugs - volatile non drug chemical solvents that have drug-like effects when inhaled. It includes commercial solvents (gasoline, toluene, acetone, carbon tetrachloride), aerosols (freon, amyl nitrite, butyl nitrite), and anesthetics (chloroform, ether and nitrous oxide). Addiction - ANS-A chronic, progressive, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive use of one or more substances that results in physical, psychological, or social harm to the individual and continued use of the substance or substances despite this harm Alcoholism - ANS-A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. It is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most noticeable denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. Abstinence - ANS-Refraining from the use of alcohol or other drugs Drug Use - ANS-The use or consumption of a drug within some socially prescribed or ritualistic context Drug Misuse - ANS-The unintentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or non-prescribed drugs resulting in the impaired physical, mental, emotional or social well-being of the individual Drug Abuse - ANS-The deliberate use of chemical substance for reasons other than their intended medical purposes which result in any degree of physical, mental, emotional or social impairment of the user, user's family, or society in general. It involves using illegal as well as legal, 'recreational' drugs that lead to problems. Drug Dependence - ANS-Psychological and/or physical need for a drug, characterized by compulsive use, tolerance to the drug, and physical dependence manifest by withdrawal syndrome. Since some drugs do not show identifiable signs of withdrawal (e.g. marijuana), or if the signs of withdrawal are often misinterpreted as something else (e.g. cocaine, stimulants), a drug can be viewed as creating dependence if it produces euphoria in the user, and if as a result of that euphoria, it creates a pattern of self-reinforced use. Tolerance - ANS-A state of progressively decreasing responsiveness to a drug's effects. In other words, a condition that requires the user to take more and more of a drug to get the same, desired effect. Physical Dependence - ANS-A state in which the presence of the drug is required for the user to function normally. The body has adapted to the presence of the drug and the body views this as normal and necessary. Withdrawal - ANS-Drastic and characteristic changes in physical functioning and behavior (insomnia, tremors, nausea, vomiting, cramps, elevation of heart rate and blood pressure, convulsions, anxiety, psychological depression) due to over-excitation of the nervous system. These effects are observed or experienced when the user stops taking, or the use of a drug is significantly decreased (in which physical dependence upon the drug has developed). There is a craving for the drug when one is abstinent, and these symptoms are relieved when the drug is again taken. Also referred to as the Abstinence Syndrome or Withdrawal Syndrome. Relapse - ANS-The return to substance use after a period of abstinence. Routes of Administration - ANS-This refers to the method a drug is taken; has a direct impact on the intensity and speed in which a drug has its effect. Oral - ANS-A drug is taken into the mouth, where it passes into the stomach. In the stomach, absorption begins, with the process continuing in the small intestines. Once absorbed into the bloodstream, the drug makes its way to all body parts. Drugs taken in this way generally take 20 to 30 minutes to have their effect. Some of the drug's effectiveness is lost by this route of administration. Inhalation - ANS-A drug is inhaled (by smoking) directly into the lung. In the lung, the alveoli (air sacs) absorb the drug and move into the capillary system in the lungs. From there the drug passes into the heart and then to the brain. Drugs taken in this way generally take only 7 seconds to have their effect. Intravenous - ANS-A drug is injected directly into a vein, where it travels to the lungs, heart and brain. No other absorption is required. Drugs taken in this way take approximately 14 seconds to have their effects. Intranasal - ANS-A drug is inhaled into the nasal cavity, where it is absorbed in the mucous lining of the cavity. It is then absorbed by the capillary system in the nose, travels through the veins, then to the lungs, heart and brain. Drugs taken in this way take from one to three minutes to have their effect. Instillation - ANS-A drug is absorbed directly through the skin, where it is eventually reaches the bloodstream. The skin is designed to prevent such absorption, but a few drugs, most notable LSD, are absolute enter the system in this way. Drugs absorbed in this way may take up to 60 minutes to have their effect. Drug Dose - ANS-Refers to the quantity or amount of a drug that is taken at any particular time. The greater the dose, the greater the drug effect. The Threshold Dose - ANS-Minimal dose; refers to the smallest amount of a given drug which is capable of producing some detectable response. The Median Effective Dose - ANS-Describes the dose required to proceed a specific response in 50% of test subjects The Lethal Dose - ANS-Is that dose which would result in death for the user, while the lethal dose 50%, or the LD-50 is the level of use that would kill 50% of those who took that amount. The potential danger of a drug is measured by its LD-50. Half-Life - ANS-An indication of the time required for half of the dosage of a drug taken to leave the body. Drug Effects - ANS-When drugs are taken in combination, the drug effects can result in unexpected or even dangerous chemical interactions inside the body. One drug may make another act faster or slower, or more powerfully or less powerfully than normal. Independent Effect - ANS-The effect of the individual drug is not changed when combined with another drug, that is, neither drug affects the action of another (1 + 1 = 1) Antagonistic Effect - ANS-The effect of one drug blocks or reduces the action of either or both drugs in the system (1 + 1 = 0) Additive Effect - ANS-When two or more drugs are present in the body that have similar effects, the impact of adding one's drug's action to another effectively doubles the effects of the drugs. In other words, the effect is the sum of the effects of the individual drugs (1 + 1 = 2) Potentiation or Synergistic Effect - ANS-The combination of two or more drugs produce an exaggerated effect - one that goes above and beyond what might be expected from simply adding he effect of one drug to another. In other words, the effect is greater than the sum of the parts. The effect is potentially the most dangerous, especially if one of the drugs present is alcohol (1 + 1 = 11) Drug Schedules - ANS-Drugs and other controlled substances are