PSY 217 final exam study questions and answers with complete solutions 2024

What is the weak law of effect? - responses that produce satisfying outcomes will be stamped in 3 parts to defining punishment - 1. a response must produce a consequence 2. the response must decrease in probability 3. the decrease in probability must occur bc the response produced the consequence When all 3 requirements of the punishment definition are met, we call the consequence a _____ - punisher What is recovery? - return to baseline level after punishment 5 examples of primary or unconditioned punishers - 1. deprivation of food or water 2. loud noise 3. pain 4. solitary confinement 5. deprivation of sleep 4 examples of secondary punishers - 1. taking away money 2. removing privileges 3. bad grades 4. generalized punishers What are contrived punishers? - delivered on purpose to change your behavior What are natural punishers? - happen automatically like falling off your bike bc you're driving badly What's the surest way to identify effective punishers? - present it as a consequence and see its impact on behavior What is the functional definition of punisher? - punishers can only be identified in terms of their effects on a particular behavior of a particular individual Key distinction between positive and negative punishment - how the environment changes as a function of the behavior In positive punishment, a response results in the ______ of a stimulus - presentation In negative punishment, a response results in the ______ of a stimulus - removal or prevention Punishment effects will always depend on the ______ of the ______ that the behavior produces - nature; reinforcers A strong contingency makes for the _____ punishment - best 5 variables affecting punishment - 1. contingency 2. contiguity 3. punisher intensity 4. alternatives for obtaining reinforcers 5. motivating operations What are motivating operations? - anything we can do that strengthens or weakens the effects of a consequence 3 theories of punishment - 1. disruption theory 2. two process theory 3. one process theory 2 things the disruption theory says - 1. stimuli we use as punishers typically elicit behavior 2. these elicited behaviors will prevent animal from engaging in the operant response