HK 100 Test 3 Purdue Questions and Answers

motor development - ANS-progressive change in motor behavior throughout the lifespan name some examples of knowledge gained by motor development research - ANS-1. normal rate and sequence of development of fundamental motor skills (when a child would start standing and walking) 2. individual difference in rate of development of skills (it's not the end of the world if someone doesn't meet these requirements) 3. deviations from normal development in special populations (down syndrome, etc.) what is the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal research - ANS-cross sectional involves different age groups at the same time longitudinal is overtime of the same people at different ages what are some practical applications of motor development information - ANS-1. assess normal development of children 2. screen for neurological and motor disorders (wellness checks) 3. identify and nurture exceptional talent 4. inform designers of remedial and therapeutic programs 3. determine readiness of learners for new tasks (not necessarily looking for if someone if behind, just to see if they are at an appropriate level to be doing a certain task) describe the two general developmental principles - ANS-cephalocaudal principle (head-down) proximodistal principle (axis outward, same with muscle tone) name the motor milestones - ANS-posture locomotion reaching and grasping describe the time periods for the motor milestone - posture - ANS-1. holds head study when carried (2-3 months) 2. sits without support (5 months) 3. gets to sitting (7 months) 4. pulls to standing (7-8 months) 5. stands alone (11 months) describe the time periods for the motor milestone - locomotion - ANS-1. rolls from back to stomach (6-7 months) 2. pre-walking progression (crawling 7 months) 3. walks alone (12 months) describe the time periods for the motor milestone - reaching - ANS-1. reaches to touch a desired object (3-4 months) describe the time periods for the motor milestone - grasping - ANS-1. large objects first picked up (3-4 months) 2. thumb opposition (6-7 months) (this is how we normally grab things) 3. pincer grasp to pick things up (9-10 months) describe the motor milestones look like in special populations - ANS-down syndrome - walk unsupported after 2 years low IQ - walk after 12 months delay in motor milestones - trigger remedial help in childhood describe critical periods in motor development and if there is evidence for critical periods - ANS-- time when child is most sensitive to learning a skill - no clear evidence if there are detrimental effects, but there is evidence that enriched environments can speed up rate of achieving motor milestones (infant swimming lessons, suzuki method) - unsure if early achievement of milestones positively affect adult performance describe the development sequence for two hand catching arm action - ANS-step 1 - little response - arms extend forward, but little movement to adapt to ball flight - ball usually trapped against chest step 2 - hugging - arms extended sideways to encircle (hug) the ball - ball is trapped against chest step 3 - scooping - arms are extended but move under the object - ball is trapped against chest step 4 - arms "give" - arms extend to meet object with hands - arms and body "give" - ball is caught in hands describe the development sequence for two hand catching hand action - ANS-step 1 - palms up - rolling balls elicit a palm-down trapping action step 2 - palms in (face each other) step 3 - palms adjusted - to flight and size of object - thumbs or little fingers places close together (depends on height of flight path) describe the development sequence for two hand catching body action - ANS-step 1 - no adjustment of body occurs in response to balls flight path step 2 - awkward adjustment - arms and trunk begin to move in relation to balls flight path, but head remains erect - catcher seems to be fighting to remain balanced step 3 - proper adjustment - feet, trunk, arms all move to adjust to path of oncoming ball describe the development sequence for standing long jump leg action - ANS-step 1 - one-foot takeoff - steps out on one foot - little prep leg flexion step 2 - knee extension first - extends knee joint before heels come off the ground, so jump is too vertical step 3 - simultaneous extension - extends knees at same time as heels come off the ground step 4 - heals up first - jump begins with heels coming off ground, then knees extend - jumper appears to start the takeoff by tipping forward describe the development sequence for standing long jump arm action - ANS-step 1 - no action - arms stationary - may "wing" after takeoff step 2 - arms swing forward - at shoulder from starting position as sides - may swing out to side step 3 - arms extend, then partially flex - arms extend back together during leg flexion, then swing forward together at takeoff - arms don't reach a position over head step 4 - arms extend, then fully flex - arms extend back together during leg flexion, then swing forward to position over head what is the practical importance of fundamental motor patterns (development sequence) - ANS-1. can monitor individual children and detect movement problems 2. guide to assist acquisition of skills 3. indicates readiness of child for more structured activities (lack of fundamental motor skills may contribute to childhood obesity) what factors influence elite performance as an adult - ANS-1. month of birth (cut off dates) 2. raised in rural/small-town environment (more athletes 3:1) (3 from small, 1 from big) describe motor performance in elderly - ANS-balance and posture changes - falls are a common source of injury (osteoporosis - hip fractures) walking pattern changes - lower leg lift, shuffling, limited range of motion, ankles lose flexibility, slower walk, toes outward changes in more complex skills - driving, time constraint makes it worse, psychological stress makes it worse, a lot of decision making makes it worse name the major physical changes in the central nervous system - ANS-1. critical time - conception to 1 yr old 2. prenatal - formation of nerve cells 3. postnatal - dendrites and axons 4. brain weight: birth - 25% of adult 6 months - 50% of adult 6 years - 100% elderly - decreased list the age of maturity for different aspects of the visual system - ANS-visual acuity: static 10 years, dynamic 12 years figure ground perception: 8 years depth perception: 12 years perception of size constancy: 11 years perception of movement: horizontal 6 years, arc 9 years coincidence-anticipation: 13 years field of vision: 18 years visual acuity - ANS-sharpness of sight figure-ground perception - ANS-pick out an object from all of our surroundings to help use bright colors depth perception - ANS-ability to see in 3D detect distances to help use wide variety and soft objects perception of size constancy - ANS-an object stays the same size no matter the distance away what are some of the effects of aging on vision - ANS-presbyopia, dynamic visual acuity, senile miosis, yellowing and thickening of the lens, cataracts, decrease in peripheral vision, senile macular degeneration, glaucoma presbyopia - ANS-hold things further away to see 40 years dynamic visual acuity - ANS-things moving, hard to see 25 years senile miosis - ANS-pupil isn't opening as wide 35 years 60 years could be half the light as we see now yellowing and thickening of the lens - ANS-50 years hard to see in dim light cataracts - ANS-lens starts to cloud over vision more blurred decrease in peripheral vision - ANS-decrease in fat around the eye decrease in visual acuity senile macular degeneration - ANS-degeneration in central vision affects the retina blurry, dark spots, colors less vivid glaucoma - ANS-increased pressure in the eye secretions are supposed to come out, but gets blocked list the age of maturity for different aspects of the auditory system - ANS-auditory sensation - adolescence perception location - 3 years perception of differences - 13 years patterns - 6 years auditory sensation - ANS-the ability to hear perception location - ANS-locate where a sound was made perception of differences - ANS-differences in sounds of pitch or loudness describe the effects of aging on hearing - ANS--hearing sensitivity decreases with age (starting in mid 30's) -gender differences start at age 40 (females hear better) -hearing loss at higher frequencies after age 50; lower frequencies after age 60 -absolute threshold increases with age (the quietest sound you can hear) -differential threshold for pitch and speed discrimination increases (the amount between them needs to be greater to tell a difference) list the age of maturity for different aspects of the kinesthetic and vestibular system - ANS-tactile localization - 5 years perception of objects - 6 years body awareness - major 6 years, minor 7 years lateral dominance - 4 years perception of limb movement - 8 years spatial awareness - 7 years laterality - up/down, back/front 3 years, right/left 10 years tactile localization - ANS-being able to tell where you have been touched perception of objects - ANS-when you touch something, you know what it is lateral dominance - ANS-left handed or right handed perception of limb movement - ANS-knowing where a limb has been moved spatial awareness - ANS-able to tell where something is in relation to yourself list changes in kinesthetic and vestibular systems in elderly - ANS-lose 40% of vestibular receptors and nerve cells by age 70 (contributes to falls) 30% loss in number of sensory neurons innervating peripheral receptors (age 50-55, also contributes to falls) list some characteristics of balance - ANS--integrates kinesthetic and visual systems -early balance relies on visual information -balance generally improves ages 3-19 -qualitative and quantitative improvements -dynamic balance develops after static balance what are risk factors of falls in elderly - ANS--increased reaction time and postural sway -slower and less expert recovery of balance -decrease in muscular strength, visual abilities, auditory abilities, proprioception -changes in gait pattern -medication list the changes in muscles - ANS-slow and fast twitch muscle fiber distribution set by age 3 reach adult size myofibrils by adolescence elderly muscle size reduction (sarcopenia) list the changes in the reflex systems - ANS-primitive reflexes: present at birth for protection and survival sucking, rooting, moro reflex inhibited by 4 months postural: keeps head upright, body oriented correctly in space 2 months to 1 year (parachute and neck reflexes) locomotor: walking, swimming reflex (birth to 5 months) what are some improvements in the perception stage of information processing - ANS--maturation of perceptual skill continues after sensory system has matured structurally -greater complexity perceptual judgment more time it takes child to develop to adult performance -integration of visual and kinesthetic information occurs simultaneously with maturation of those systems what are some improvements in the decision making stage of information processing - ANS--simple reaction time improves until late teens -choice reaction time improves into adulthood what are some improvements in the organizing and executing movements stages of information processing - ANS--simple movements - best in late teens -complex movements - slower for children -children - less automaticity what are some declines in information processing with age - ANS--reaction time and movement time start slowing around age 30, especially choice reaction time and in females -simple reaction time: due to nerve cell loss and changes in sensory receptors -choice reaction time: emphasize accuracy over speed, need more nerves to stimulate a muscle to contract