PSG 101 - Test 1 Questions and Answers 2024

PSG 101 - Test 1 Questions and Answers 2024 Define the term ventilation The cyclic breathing of air in and out of the lungs. Name three (3) alterations that may occur if ventilation is not sustained. - Increased carbon dioxide levels - A pH level that decreases - Decreased oxygen levels to the brain - which can also damage other vital organs Where does carbon dioxide originate within the body? From cellular metabolism At what level does metabolism occur? The cellular tissues - at the cellular level. What nutrients does the living cell extract from the blood? Carbs, Oxygen, Water, Vitamins, Electrolytes. By what pathway is carbon dioxide delivered from the cells out of the body? The cells extract CO2 into the bloodstream, which flows back into the lungs, then released into the alveoli to be exhaled. If ventilation is impeded, what occurs to the level of carbon dioxide within the body? CO2 increases, decreasing pH and raising acidity. What is the brain's natural response to increased carbon dioxide levels in terms of ventilation? To take as big of a breath as possible so we can get oxygen back into the body ASAP. What is the name of the equation that is used to describe how carbon dioxide reacts with the water component of blood? Hydrolysis. How is the pH of the blood affected by increased carbon dioxide levels? pH will decrease causing blood acidosis. This happens during hypoventilation (slow/shallow breathing). How is the pH of the blood affected by decreased carbon dioxide levels? pH will increase causing blood alkalosis. This happens during hyperventilation (quick/deep breathing). According to the hydrolysis equation, what compound naturally buffers carbonic acid? Bicarbonate. If there were no buffering system in the body, what effect would this have on the blood's pH system? The blood's pH would be much higher without buffering system. How would this same scenario affect homeostasis? Without buffers the body would not be able to achieve homeostasis. What effect does hypoventilation have on carbon dioxide levels and pH of the blood? Hypoventilation raises CO2 levels, causing pH to decrease. What effect does hyperventilation have on carbon dioxide levels and pH of the blood? Hyperventilation lowers CO2 levels, causing pH to increase. What is the normal range for pH? 7.35-7.45 What is considered a normal pH for most people? 7.40 A person exhales in order to evacuate carbon dioxide. Why does a person inhale? To intake oxygen. What is the normal FIO2 of room air that we breathe? 21% What is the highest level of FIO2 a person may receive? 100%