PAG 5.1 Extension Questions and Answers | Latest Version | Graded A+

PAG 5.1 Extension Questions and Answers | Latest Version | Graded A+ 1. **Why is it advised to add hydrochloric acid dropwise rather than all at once?** Adding concentrated acid all at once can cause excessive heating due to the exothermic nature of the reaction. This could potentially raise the temperature to hazardous levels and increase the production of alkene by-products. Adding the acid dropwise helps to control the reaction temperature, minimizing side reactions and ensuring safer handling. 2. **What impurities contaminate the organic product at the end of the reaction, and how are they removed?** Any unreacted starting material typically remains in the aqueous layer after the reaction. This layer is separated, and sodium hydrogen carbonate is added to neutralize any residual hydrochloric acid, evidenced by the release of carbon dioxide gas. Anhydrous sodium sulfate is then used to remove any remaining water from the organic product. Finally, distillation separates the desired organic product from any organic by-products. 3. **How does the distillation step help verify the identity and purity of the organic product?** Distillation provides crucial information about the identity and purity of the organic compound through its boiling point. If the observed boiling point matches the expected value for the compound, it indicates both its identity and purity. A range of boiling points rather than a sharp, defined temperature suggests the presence of impurities. 4. **Discuss factors contributing to a percentage yield below 100%.** Several factors can lead to a percentage yield less than 100%: - Production of side-products during the reaction. - Incomplete conversion of reactants to products. - Loss of product during washing steps, such as residual material left in aqueous layers. - Loss during transfers between containers, including running liquids off from separating funnels and decanting. - Loss of product during distillation