GNRS 582A - Pathophysiology Quiz 1 Questions and Answers 100% Pass

______________ necrosis is most commonly seen in small arteries - Fibrinoid ________________ necrosis is most commonly seen in a distal extremity or a loop of bowel - Gangrenous Acute pain - A protective mechanism → alerts an individual to conditions /experiences that are immediately harmful to the body. Lasts less than 3mons. Clinical manifestations: many mimic the sympathetic nervous response (tachycardia, hypertension, diaphoresis, dilated pupils (mydriasis) Afferent pathways - PNS → "gate" in the dorsal horn → ascend to higher centers in the CNS Another term for dysplasia - Atypical hyperplasia Anoxia - Complete lack of oxygen Anthracotic pigment - black pigment caused by accumulation of carbon in cells, often due to smoking or living in polluted areas Apoptosis - Programmed cell death or "cell suicide." A normal process in the body Atherosclerosis - Hardening of the arteries. Formation of plaques Atrophy - Decrease in cell size (organ or tissue)Bilirubin - pigment of yellow to green Biological activation to toxic metabolites - - Acetaminophen --> NAPQI (too much = death) - Alcohol: ethanol --> acetaldehyde (very reactive) Calcium - In hypoxic injury, this increases in cytosol and turns on intracellular enzymes, some of which can damage intracellular structures Uncontrolled entry of this into cytosol is final common pathway in many causes of cell death The cell normally has low concentration of this and it acts as a second messenger when cell is stimulated Carbohydrate - A cellular accumulation that causes glycogen storage disease (GSD), a rare condition that changes the way the body uses and stores glycogen Caseous necrosis - A type of necrosis that turns the tissue white, soft, and cheesy-looking. Seen commonly in tuberculosis. Combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis Cathecholamines - Arousal of the SNS stimulates medulla of adrenal gland to release epinephrine and norepinephrine Causes of ROS - - Lipid peroxidation (damaged membrane) - Protein folding alteration - DNA damage (mutation) Cellular Accumulation - Also called infiltrations and occur whenever: - normal substances are produced in excess - Normal and abnormal substances are ineffectively catabolized - harmful exogenous material accumulates intracellularlyCellular responses of hypoxia - - Cellular swelling due to decreased ATP production w/c causes failure of Na+/K+-ATPase & sodium-calcium exchanger (Na+ in, H20 in, Ca+2 in, K+ out) - Lactic acid production Central neuropathic pain - Caused by a lesion or dysfunction in the brain or spinal cord Chronic pain - Persistent pain with no purpose. Appears to be out of proportion to observable tissue injury. Lasts for more than 3-6 mons. Persistent chronic pain leads to physiologic adaptation: normalized heart rate and BP, but there is still underlying stress in the body. May cause behavioral and psychological changes such as cognitive deficits, depression, difficulty eating and sleeping Chronic pain syndromes - - Persistent low back pain (most common chronic pain problem) - Trigeminal neuralgia - Phantom limb pain: pain is felt in the amputated limb after the stump has completely healed. Coagulative necrosis - A type of necrosis that leaves the tissue firm. Seen in infarcts in any tissue except the brain. Protein denaturation or protein gets undone Compensatory hypertrophy - Reversible change. Ex. Kidneys - when one is removed, the other will adapt and will have an increase in size of organ and cells Dry gangrene - A type of gangrene due to lack of arterial blood supply but venous flow carries fluid out of the tissue. Tissue tends to coagulate Dysplasia - Abnormal changes in shape, size, organization, and nuclear features of mature cells. Always pathologic and not an indication of cancer but can lead to oneDystrophic calcification - A type of calcium cellular accumulation which occur in dead and dying tissues in areas of necrosis Efferent pathways - Descend form the interpretive centers → "gate" in the dorsal horn → modulate pain Endocannabinoids - Natural, marijuana-like substances produced by the body Endocrine effects of CRH secretion: - - Activates HPA axis - Stimulates SNS - Adrenal cortex secretes cortisol (stress hormone) Endogenous opioids - morphine-like neuropeptides (ex. endorphins). Inhibit pain impulses in periphery, spinal cord, and brain Epinephrine - Binds with alpha and betas (b1 & b2) adrenergic receptors. Can cause increase in BP by vasoconstriction Examples of ROS - - Superoxide - Hydrogen peroxide - Hydroxyl radical