ilts305

CONTENT EXAM 305 QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS 2024 Host - ANSWER- a food source Decrease in atmospheric pressure - ANSWER- associated with stormy weather and precipitation Barometer - ANSWER- an instrument that measures atmospheric pressure Anemometer - ANSWER- measures the speed of wind or gas current Hygrometer - ANSWER- measures humidity of air or gas Independent Variable - ANSWER- quantity that is known, plotted along the X-axis Dependent Variable - ANSWER- quantity that is unknown, plotted along the Y-axis Recessive - ANSWER- little t, an allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present Dominant - ANSWER- big T, describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait. Commenalism - ANSWER- a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other neither is harmed nor benefited Mutualism - ANSWER- a relationship between two species in which both species benefit Parasitism - ANSWER- a relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed Osmosis - ANSWER- diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, how water enters a plant Nimbostratus clouds - ANSWER- gray rain clouds Cumulus cloud - ANSWER- puffy, cotton like, fair weather Cumulonimbus clouds - ANSWER- developing thunderstorms, hail, lightning, heavy rain Stratus - ANSWER- associated with wet conditions Scientific questions - ANSWER- is testable and can be answered by observing, measuring, and experimenting Greatest threat to biodiversity - ANSWER- destruction of plant and animal habitats Tides - ANSWER- the regular rise and fall of the ocean's surface influenced by the moon's gravity pulling on earth Spring tides - ANSWER- the highest tides, formed when the earth, sun and moon are lined up in a row, this happens every two weeks during a new moon or full moon Neap tides - ANSWER- smaller tides, formed when the earth, sun and moon form a right angle, this causes the sun and moon to pull the water in two different directions, happens during a quarter or three-quarter moon Mechanical energy - ANSWER- relates to the energy an object has due to its motion or position Host - ANSWER- a food source Decrease in atmospheric pressure - ANSWER- associated with stormy weather and precipitation Barometer - ANSWER- an instrument that measures atmospheric pressure Anemometer - ANSWER- measures the speed of wind or gas current Hygrometer - ANSWER- measures humidity of air or gas Independent Variable - ANSWER- quantity that is known, plotted along the X-axis Dependent Variable - ANSWER- quantity that is unknown, plotted along the Y-axis Recessive - ANSWER- little t, an allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present Dominant - ANSWER- big T, describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait. Commenalism - ANSWER- a symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other neither is harmed nor benefited Mutualism - ANSWER- a relationship between two species in which both species benefit Parasitism - ANSWER- a relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed Osmosis - ANSWER- diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, how water enters a plant Nimbostratus clouds - ANSWER- gray rain clouds Cumulus cloud - ANSWER- puffy, cotton like, fair weather Cumulonimbus clouds - ANSWER- developing thunderstorms, hail, lightning, heavy rain Stratus - ANSWER- associated with wet conditions Scientific questions - ANSWER- is testable and can be answered by observing, measuring, and experimenting Greatest threat to biodiversity - ANSWER- destruction of plant and animal habitats Tides - ANSWER- the regular rise and fall of the ocean's surface influenced by the moon's gravity pulling on earth Spring tides - ANSWER- the highest tides, formed when the earth, sun and moon are lined up in a row, this happens every two weeks during a new moon or full moon Neap tides - ANSWER- smaller tides, formed when the earth, sun and moon form a right angle, this causes the sun and moon to pull the water in two different directions, happens during a quarter or three-quarter moon Mechanical energy - ANSWER- relates to the energy an object has due to its motion or position Advances in technology support - ANSWER- increase in carrying capacity and size of human populations Carrying capacity - ANSWER- number of individuals that the environment can support over an extended period without causing environmental degradation Potential energy - ANSWER- position of an object, stored energy (ball at the top of a hill) Kinetic energy - ANSWER- motion of an object (ball rolling down a hill) Large bodies of water - ANSWER- absorb heat and release heat at a lower rate then the surrounding land air (high specific heat capacity of water) Call walls - ANSWER- enable cells to withstand internal water pressure without rupturing, protect the cell, the surface area and volume of a cell 4:1 ratio Gettysburg Adress - ANSWER- "all men are created equal", Lincoln gave it after civil war, purpose was to create a cemetery for the fallen soldiers, wanted to bring the country together US constitution was written to - ANSWER- establish a national government and define its powers, places limits on government Due process - ANSWER- constitutional guarantee that no person may be deprived of life, liberty, or property without fair legal proceedings Free trade allows - ANSWER- each country to specialize in goods it can produce more efficiently and cheaply without added costs from tariffs, all of which produces lower consumer prices Checks and balances prevents - ANSWER- political power from going to one branch of government, prevents any single branch from becoming too powerful Delegates to the constitutional convention of 1787 included - ANSWER- both a senate and house of representatives to promote fair representation for larger and smaller states Education standards - ANSWER- power belongs only to the states and not the federal government Delegated powers - ANSWER- granted to the federal government, given to president by congress Concurrent powers - ANSWER- granted to both state and federal government Reserved powers - ANSWER- not delegated to federal government Illinois economy - ANSWER- agricultural Conflicts between Native American populations and European settlers (in US) most often focused on - ANSWER- differences in cultural views and values related to land ownership and use Voluntary exchange - ANSWER- free and willing exchange of goods and services between buyers and sellers, leaves both buyer and seller better off after the exchange than before Communist - ANSWER- capital and production are owned and operated by society rather than private individuals and businesses, places governments in control of most or all aspects of economic life, loss of individual freedoms Place - ANSWER- physical and human characteristics of a location Natural environments - ANSWER- bodies of water, animal life, soils, climate Isthmus - ANSWER- narrow strip of land that connects two larger land masses and separates two bodies of water Cultural diffusion - ANSWER- spread of cultural beliefs and practices from one group to another, gives insights about the natural resources available to a group- economic activity Acculturation - ANSWER- assimilation to a different culture, changing culture Cultural ecology - ANSWER- study of human adaptations to social and physical environments Articles of Confederation - ANSWER- provided for strong states, weak national government, served as the 1st constitution Bill of Rights - ANSWER- constitutions first 10 amendments, preserve individual personal liberties and rights Laissez-faire - ANSWER- production and distribution are privately owned and operated with minimal government interference Role of Congress - ANSWER- to pass laws Political parties are responsible for - ANSWER- clarifying choices available to voters, they draw people together with similar views Expressed powers - ANSWER- can't be revoked by congress, is in the constitution Role of President - ANSWER- chief of state, chief diplomat (foreign affairs, negotiate treaties), commander in chief (military), chief legislator (bills and budget) Judicial review - ANSWER- power to declare actions unconstitutional Functional regions - ANSWER- organized around a focal point, ex- the metropolitan area of New York City Formal regions - ANSWER- characterized by human-centered properties, such as a common language or a common political system, or by physical properties, such as a particular landform or vegetation (shared traits that are found throughout the area and that distinguish them from surrounding areas), Chicago is a precisely bounded formal region defined by its uniformity of law and administration) Perceptual regions - ANSWER- reflect people's feelings about certain areas, in the United States, southern California and the South each have a certain image Rome depicts - ANSWER- realistic, often human subjects Whimsical art - ANSWER- vibrant and playful art, childlike and carefree, colorful (Children's book) Surreal art - ANSWER- explored workings of mind, visual artwork and writing, sexuality, violence Abstract art - ANSWER- does not attempt to represent accurate depiction of art, uses shapes colors and forms Shakespeare - ANSWER- tragedies, comedies, histories, entertain audiences Renaissance - ANSWER- science and natural world, religious in nature(Christianity), philosophy Symbols - ANSWER- convey meaning, understand cultural and context meaning to understand them Warm colors - ANSWER- red, orange, yellow Cool colors - ANSWER- blue, purple, green Primary colors - ANSWER- red, yellow, blue Secondary colors - ANSWER- orange, purple, green Complementary colors - ANSWER- colors located directly opposite one another on the color wheel, when they are mixed they create a neutral color (brown) and when they are next to each other they create a contrast. Form - ANSWER- objects shape and structure Melody - ANSWER- series or sequence of tones or pitches that add up to musical phrase Inflection - ANSWER- adjusting tone or pitch of voice Rhythmic movement skills - ANSWER- jumping rope, dribbling a ball, bouncing Manipulative or object control skills - ANSWER- tossing, throwing, catching, passing Nervous system - ANSWER- enables children to manipulate objects with greater coordination and bio-mechanical efficiency (more proficient in catching, throwing, kicking, and striking) Invasions/ territory type games - ANSWER- containing, reducing and denying open space Physical activity decreases - ANSWER- coronary artery disease by strengthening heart muscle and increasing its pumping capacity, less effort needed to pump blood Smooth muscle - ANSWER- controls slow, involuntary movements in body (intestines, arteries, and stomach), example: Digesting food FITT - ANSWER- frequency, intensity, type, time Agility - ANSWER- ability to change one's physical position/ direction and gain speed without losing motor control. (speed, balance, and coordination skills) CA-MRSA - ANSWER- staph type skin infection that is resistant to antibiotics. skin to skin interaction with infected person Formaldehyde - ANSWER- material in wood products, glue, cabinets and furniture (fatigue, wheezing, eye, nose throat irritation Blocking - ANSWER- positioning actors on stage for dramatic affect Smoking - ANSWER- oxygen, sticky blood Alcohol - ANSWER- increased heart rate, heart/brain Associative - ANSWER- way factors are grouped (a+b) +c= a+ (b+c) Distributive - ANSWER- a(b+c)= ab+ bc Commutative - ANSWER- change of order, product stays the same a+b=b+a When perimeter doubles - ANSWER- area quadruples Opposite sides of a parallelogram - ANSWER- are parallel and congruent Parallel lines - ANSWER- have equal slopes Change in y - ANSWER- y2 - y1 Change in x - ANSWER- x2-x1 Equation of a line - ANSWER- y=mx+b Standard form - ANSWER- Ax+By=C Inverse variation between x and y - ANSWER- (4, 6) and (2,12) it is inverse if one is halved and the other is doubled or vice versa Prime numbers - ANSWER- a number which can only be divided by itself and 1 Cardinality - ANSWER- can state the number of elements in the set without having to recount them Converting decimals to their fraction equivalents and then multiplying the fractions helps students - ANSWER- gain understanding of where to correctly position the decimal point when finding the product of two decimals Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) - ANSWER- smallest of the common multiples. multiple- of a number when we multiply it by another number Greatest Common Factor (GCF) - ANSWER- is the largest whole number value that is a factor of both numbers. factor- the numbers you multiply to get another number. (Ex- factors of 15 are 3 and 5) to get GCF of two numbers do the prime factorization of both numbers and find the product of the prime factors that the two numbers have in common. example: The prime factorization of 12 is 2 × 2 × 3 and of 18 is 2 × 3 × 3. The prime factors that 12 and 18 have in common are 2 and 3 so the greatest common factor is 6 Probability of dice - ANSWER- number of ways it can happen over total number of outcomes 3rd degree polynomials - ANSWER- (Given already factored) y= (x+3) (x+5) (x-2) Set each factor equal to zero x+3=0 x+5=0 x-2=0 x=-3 x=-5 x=2 (-3,0) (-5,0) (2,0) y=a(x-h)^2+k - ANSWER- If a is negative the parabola opens down Positive K is about the x axis, -k is below the x axis To cross the x axis 2 times it must have a vertex above the x-axis and open downward or the opposite Ex) y=-2(x-5)^2+3, opens down and k=3 so vertex is above x-axis and will cross x-axis 2 times Ex) 2(x+3)^2-8 Vertex= (-3,-8) Y intercept (0,10) 2(0+3)^2-8=10 Box plots - ANSWER- Interquartile range = Upper Q - Lower Q A=Pr^t A= amount in the end P= principle (initial) amount T=time in years R= rate of change Oral Language Components - ANSWER- syntax, phonological skills, morphological skills, pragmatics, vocabulary Syntax - ANSWER- understanding word order and grammar rules Phonological Skills - ANSWER- awareness of sounds (ex- syllables and rhymes) Morphological skills - ANSWER- understanding the meaning of word forms and parts Pragmatics - ANSWER- social rule of communication Vocabulary - ANSWER- meaning of words and phrases Assessment - ANSWER- formative, summative, benchmark reading, progress monitoring, diagnostic reading test Formative assessment - ANSWER- informs instruction (for learning) Summative Assessment - ANSWER- what you have learned (of learning) Benchmark Reading Assessment - ANSWER- a reading assessment given to students periodically throughout the year that determines how much learning has taken place up to a certain point and time Progress monitoring - ANSWER- weekly/biweekly screenings Diagnostic Reading Test - ANSWER- individual students specific areas of weakness, use the results to inform instruction, used after progress monitoring, pre-intervention step Reading levels - ANSWER- independent, instructional, and frustration Independent reading level - ANSWER- 97-100% accuracy; fluent reading; 90-100% comprehension Instructional reading level - ANSWER- 90-96% accuracy; somewhat fluent; 75-90% comprehension Frustration reading level - ANSWER- 90% accuracy; may/may not be fluent; comprehension low Phonological Awareness - ANSWER- awareness of the words, syllables, rhymes, and sounds in language Syllable - ANSWER- a unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants. (Ze-bra; 2 syllables- 1 open syllable and 1 closed syllable) Open syllable - ANSWER- ends with a long vowel sound spelled with one vowel letter; no consonant to close it To-tal Ri-val Bi-ble Closed syllable - ANSWER- short vowel in syllable, vowel is followed (closed) by a consonant Com-mon But-ter Onset - ANSWER- initial phonological unit of any word Cat Rime - ANSWER- refers to the string of letters that follow, usually a vowel and final consonants cAT Rhyme - ANSWER- repetition of similar sounds in two or more words Alliteration - ANSWER- the repetition of beginning consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words or syllables Onomatopoeia - ANSWER- a word that imitates the sound it represents. Hyperbole - ANSWER- exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally Phonemic awareness - ANSWER- ability to recognize that words are made up of individual speech sounds (phonemes, smallest unit of speech- 44 of them) Isolation - ANSWER- identify specific phonemes in words, individual letters (phonemes/ graphemes) Blending - ANSWER- blending sounds together Consonant blends - ANSWER- two or more consonants are blended together, but each sound may be heard in the blend bl, br, cl, cr, dr, fr, tr, fl, gl Diagraph - ANSWER- two consonants stand together to represent a single sound sh, ch, th, and wh Segmenting - ANSWER- breaking words down into individual sounds or syllables Deletion - ANSWER- requires children to be able to remove individual or blended sounds from words or to identify words once a phoneme or phonemes have been removed Addition/Substitution - ANSWER- switch/substitute one phoneme for another to make a new word Phonics - ANSWER- predictable relationship between phonemes and graphemes Vowels - ANSWER- a, e, i, o, u Long vowels - ANSWER- ā, ē, ī, ō, ū (pronunciation is the same as its letter name) side, teeth, skate Short vowels - ANSWER- ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ Apple, umbrella, crab, ice Vowel teams - ANSWER- ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ Apple, umbrella, crab, ice Consonants - ANSWER- any letter that isn't a vowel Phonemes - ANSWER- smallest unit of sound, put together to make words B,a,t in the word bat Graphemes - ANSWER- way of writing down a phoneme, smallest unit of a writing system, writing ough, sh, p Morphemes - ANSWER- smallest unit of meaning Phonograms - ANSWER- symbol representing a vocal sound High; Hi-igh (2 syllables/sounds, 2 phonograms) Patterns with consonants and vowels - ANSWER- CVC (consonant, vowel, consonant) Cap, pop,lid CCVC (consonant, consonant, vowel, consonant) Slip, plop, glad CVVC (consonant, vowel, vowel, consonant) Cook, book, four, hair CVCe (consonant, vowel, consonant, e) Bike, made Homonyms/ Homophones - ANSWER- sound alike spelled differently sea/see Homographs - ANSWER- spelled alike, pronounced differently Live, read, bow Structural analysis - ANSWER- the process of recognizing unknown words by using knowledge of word structure Roots - ANSWER- words use to build other words can be any part of a word that carries meaning: the beginning, middle or end. unacceptable Affices - ANSWER- group of letters attached before and after the root word Prefixes - ANSWER- group of letter before the root word Suffixes - ANSWER- group of letters places after the root word Inflected endings - ANSWER- indicate tense (walked, walking, walks) and number (cats, foxes) Decoding - ANSWER- process of translating print into speech by rapidly matching a letter or combination of letters (graphemes) to their sounds and recognizing the pattern that make syllables and words Encoding - ANSWER- using individual sounds to build and write words Precommunicative Stage - ANSWER- the child uses letters from the alphabet but shows no knowledge of letter-sound correspondences. The child may also lack knowledge of the entire alphabet, the distinction between upper- and lower-case letters, and the left-to-right direction of English orthography (e.g., the letter M used for the word Jessica) Semi-phonetic stage - ANSWER- begin to understand letter-sound, uses single letters. The child begins to understand letter-sound correspondence — that sounds are assigned to letters. At this stage, the child often employs rudimentary logic, using single letters, for example, to represent words, sounds, and syllables (e.g., U for you) Phonetic stage - ANSWER- children use a letter or group of letters to represent every speech sound that they hear in a word. Although some of their choices do not conform to conventional English spelling, their attempts to spell words are systematic and easily understood (e.g., the letters tak for take and en for in) Transitional stage - ANSWER- the speller begins to assimilate the conventional alternative for representing sounds, moving from a dependence only or mainly on phonology (sound) for representing words, to evidencing a greater understanding of common letter patterns in words and the structure of words. Some examples of misspelling typical of this stage are egul for eagle and higheked for hiked Correct stage - ANSWER- at this stage, spellers know common letter-sound relationships and generalizations (rules) for spelling, as well as how to use morphemic information in spelling. The student understands how to spell many common prefixes and suffixes, silent consonants, alternative spellings, and irregular spellings. A large number of learned words are accumulated, and the speller recognizes incorrect forms. The child's generalizations about spelling and knowledge of exceptions are usually correct Cueing systems - ANSWER- graphophonic, semantics, phonological, and syntax Graphophonic - ANSWER- (visual) breaking down words into letters sounds, syllables, prefixes, etc. sounding out words, letter/sound relationship, phonics, print conventions Semantics - ANSWER- (meaning) making sense of text, interpreting meaning and making meaningful connections, prior knowledge Syntax - ANSWER- (structure) making sense of words in sentences. The way language is put together (sentences, phrases, paragraphs), grammar Phonological - ANSWER- (sound system) helps in pronouncing words, dividing words into syllables Five essential Components of an Effective Reading Classroom - ANSWER- fluency, comprehension, vocab, phonics, and phonemic awareness Fluency - ANSWER- the ability to read with speed, accuracy, and proper expression Automaticity - ANSWER- automatic word recognition Prosody - ANSWER- patterns of rhyme and sound, expression Rate - ANSWER- speed, words correct per minute Comprehension - ANSWER- ability to process text, understand its meaning, and to make connections to background knowledge Vocab - ANSWER- the words we need to know to understand what we read Academic language - ANSWER- the language of a particular discipline; involves both terms and concepts important in that discipline, the language of school Word/Phrase level - ANSWER- vocabulary usage Sentence level - ANSWER- language forms and conventions, grammatical, conventions, mechanics, fluency, structure Discourse level - ANSWER- associated with academic tasks, amount of text, variety of sentences with different structure, organization Tier 1 words - ANSWER- used in daily speech, basic words Tier 2 words - ANSWER- high frequency/multiple meaning vocab, general academic vocab, appear across different genres and content areas ex) establish Tier 3 words - ANSWER- low frequency, context-specific vocab ex) economics, isotope, atom Semantic maps - ANSWER- focus on central theme or topic, the way key ideas and details in a text relate to a central topic and each other Nuances - ANSWER- subtle difference in or a shade of meaning, expression, or sound, ex: lime green, light green, dark green Signs of active listening - ANSWER- restating information, asking clarification questions To improve reading comprehension - ANSWER- provide choice of reading selections ensure students are reading texts of optimal difficulty encourage re-reading allow students to discuss Nonsense words - ANSWER- good to use because memorization does not play a part, helps show a good measure of student knowledge in a specific area (vill, bot, dex) Developing academic language - ANSWER- supports students' comprehension in reading complex texts Perimeter of a circle - ANSWER- whole circle -- d(pi) part of circle -- side length 1 + side length 2 + d(pi) Corresponding angles rules - ANSWER- when corresponding angles are equal, the two lines are parallel, when two lines are crossed by another line (which is called the Transversal), the angles in matching corners are called corresponding angles Natural numbers - ANSWER- the set of numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, ... also called counting numbers. Whole numbers - ANSWER- natural numbers (counting numbers) and zero; 0, 1, 2, 3... Integers - ANSWER- ...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3... all the whole numbers together with their opposites Both choreographers and theater directors - ANSWER- consider the visuals of their performance, blocking on stage to consider the view of the audience Duck walk, frog stance, low-hip poses (no longer used because) - ANSWER- they require students to perform deep knee bends, which are contraindicated because of their potential to strain the ligaments and cartilage of the knees Whole grain/fruits/vegetables - ANSWER- good sources of the carbohydrates used to make the glucose and glycogen that students need to fuel daily physical activities Advances in technology support - ANSWER- increase in carrying capacity and size of human populations Carrying capacity - ANSWER- number of individuals that the environment can support over an extended period without causing environmental degradation Potential energy - ANSWER- position of an object, stored energy (ball at the top of a hill) Kinetic energy - ANSWER- motion of an object (ball rolling down a hill) Large bodies of water - ANSWER- absorb heat and release heat at a lower rate then the surrounding land air (high specific heat capacity of water) Call walls - ANSWER- enable cells to withstand internal water pressure without rupturing, protect the cell, the surface area and volume of a cell 4:1 ratio Gettysburg Adress - ANSWER- "all men are created equal", Lincoln gave it after civil war, purpose was to create a cemetery for the fallen soldiers, wanted to bring the country together US constitution was written to - ANSWER- establish a national government and define its powers, places limits on government Due process - ANSWER- constitutional guarantee that no person may be deprived of life, liberty, or property without fair legal proceedings Free trade allows - ANSWER- each country to specialize in goods it can produce more efficiently and cheaply without added costs from tariffs, all of which produces lower consumer prices Checks and balances prevents - ANSWER- political power from going to one branch of government, prevents any single branch from becoming too powerful Delegates to the constitutional convention of 1787 included - ANSWER- both a senate and house of representatives to promote fair representation for larger and smaller states Education standards - ANSWER- power belongs only to the states and not the federal government Delegated powers - ANSWER- granted to the federal government, given to president by congress Concurrent powers - ANSWER- granted to both state and federal government Reserved powers - ANSWER- not delegated to federal government Illinois economy - ANSWER- agricultural Conflicts between Native American populations and European settlers (in US) most often focused on - ANSWER- differences in cultural views and values related to land ownership and use Voluntary exchange - ANSWER- free and willing exchange of goods and services between buyers and sellers, leaves both buyer and seller better off after the exchange than before Communist - ANSWER- capital and production are owned and operated by society rather than private individuals and businesses, places governments in control of most or all aspects of economic life, loss of individual freedoms Place - ANSWER- physical and human characteristics of a location Natural environments - ANSWER- bodies of water, animal life, soils, climate Isthmus - ANSWER- narrow strip of land that connects two larger land masses and separates two bodies of water Cultural diffusion - ANSWER- spread of cultural beliefs and practices from one group to another, gives insights about the natural resources available to a group- economic activity Acculturation - ANSWER- assimilation to a different culture, changing culture Cultural ecology - ANSWER- study of human adaptations to social and physical environments Articles of Confederation - ANSWER- provided for strong states, weak national government, served as the 1st constitution Bill of Rights - ANSWER- constitutions first 10 amendments, preserve individual personal liberties and rights Laissez-faire - ANSWER- production and distribution are privately owned and operated with minimal government interference Role of Congress - ANSWER- to pass laws Political parties are responsible for - ANSWER- clarifying choices available to voters, they draw people together with similar views Expressed powers - ANSWER- can't be revoked by congress, is in the constitution Role of President - ANSWER- chief of state, chief diplomat (foreign affairs, negotiate treaties), commander in chief (military), chief legislator (bills and budget) Judicial review - ANSWER- power to declare actions unconstitutional Functional regions - ANSWER- organized around a focal point, ex- the metropolitan area of New York City Formal regions - ANSWER- characterized by human-centered properties, such as a common language or a common political system, or by physical properties, such as a particular landform or vegetation (shared traits that are found throughout the area and that distinguish them from surrounding areas), Chicago is a precisely bounded formal region defined by its uniformity of law and administration) Perceptual regions - ANSWER- reflect people's feelings about certain areas, in the United States, southern California and the South each have a certain image Rome depicts - ANSWER- realistic, often human subjects Whimsical art - ANSWER- vibrant and playful art, childlike and carefree, colorful (Children's book) Surreal art - ANSWER- explored workings of mind, visual artwork and writing, sexuality, violence Abstract art - ANSWER- does not attempt to represent accurate depiction of art, uses shapes colors and forms Shakespeare - ANSWER- tragedies, comedies, histories, entertain audiences Renaissance - ANSWER- science and natural world, religious in nature(Christianity), philosophy Symbols - ANSWER- convey meaning, understand cultural and context meaning to understand them Warm colors - ANSWER- red, orange, yellow Cool colors - ANSWER- blue, purple, green Primary colors - ANSWER- red, yellow, blue Secondary colors - ANSWER- orange, purple, green Complementary colors - ANSWER- colors located directly opposite one another on the color wheel, when they are mixed they create a neutral color (brown) and when they are next to each other they create a contrast. Form - ANSWER- objects shape and structure Melody - ANSWER- series or sequence of tones or pitches that add up to musical phrase Inflection - ANSWER- adjusting tone or pitch of voice Rhythmic movement skills - ANSWER- jumping rope, dribbling a ball, bouncing Manipulative or object control skills - ANSWER- tossing, throwing, catching, passing Nervous system - ANSWER- enables children to manipulate objects with greater coordination and bio-mechanical efficiency (more proficient in catching, throwing, kicking, and striking) Invasions/ territory type games - ANSWER- containing, reducing and denying open space Physical activity decreases - ANSWER- coronary artery disease by strengthening heart muscle and increasing its pumping capacity, less effort needed to pump blood Smooth muscle - ANSWER- controls slow, involuntary movements in body (intestines, arteries, and stomach), example: Digesting food FITT - ANSWER- frequency, intensity, type, time Agility - ANSWER- ability to change one's physical position/ direction and gain speed without losing motor control. (speed, balance, and coordination skills) CA-MRSA - ANSWER- staph type skin infection that is resistant to antibiotics. skin to skin interaction with infected person Formaldehyde - ANSWER- material in wood products, glue, cabinets and furniture (fatigue, wheezing, eye, nose throat irritation Blocking - ANSWER- positioning actors on stage for dramatic affect Smoking - ANSWER- oxygen, sticky blood Alcohol - ANSWER- increased heart rate, heart/brain Associative - ANSWER- way factors are grouped (a+b) +c= a+ (b+c) Distributive - ANSWER- a(b+c)= ab+ bc Commutative - ANSWER- change of order, product stays the same a+b=b+a When perimeter doubles - ANSWER- area quadruples Opposite sides of a parallelogram - ANSWER- are parallel and congruent Parallel lines - ANSWER- have equal slopes Change in y - ANSWER- y2 - y1 Change in x - ANSWER- x2-x1 Equation of a line - ANSWER- y=mx+b Standard form - ANSWER- Ax+By=C Inverse variation between x and y - ANSWER- (4, 6) and (2,12) it is inverse if one is halved and the other is doubled or vice versa Prime numbers - ANSWER- a number which can only be divided by itself and 1 Cardinality - ANSWER- can state the number of elements in the set without having to recount them Converting decimals to their fraction equivalents and then multiplying the fractions helps students - ANSWER- gain understanding of where to correctly position the decimal point when finding the product of two decimals Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) - ANSWER- smallest of the common multiples. multiple- of a number when we multiply it by another number Greatest Common Factor (GCF) - ANSWER- is the largest whole number value that is a factor of both numbers. factor- the numbers you multiply to get another number. (Ex- factors of 15 are 3 and 5) to get GCF of two numbers do the prime factorization of both numbers and find the product of the prime factors that the two numbers have in common. example: The prime factorization of 12 is 2 × 2 × 3 and of 18 is 2 × 3 × 3. The prime factors that 12 and 18 have in common are 2 and 3 so the greatest common factor is 6 Probability of dice - ANSWER- number of ways it can happen over total number of outcomes 3rd degree polynomials - ANSWER- (Given already factored) y= (x+3) (x+5) (x-2) Set each factor equal to zero x+3=0 x+5=0 x-2=0 x=-3 x=-5 x=2 (-3,0) (-5,0) (2,0) y=a(x-h)^2+k - ANSWER- If a is negative the parabola opens down Positive K is about the x axis, -k is below the x axis To cross the x axis 2 times it must have a vertex above the x-axis and open downward or the opposite Ex) y=-2(x-5)^2+3, opens down and k=3 so vertex is above x-axis and will cross x-axis 2 times Ex) 2(x+3)^2-8 Vertex= (-3,-8) Y intercept (0,10) 2(0+3)^2-8=10 Box plots - ANSWER- Interquartile range = Upper Q - Lower Q A=Pr^t A= amount in the end P= principle (initial) amount T=time in years R= rate of change Oral Language Components - ANSWER- syntax, phonological skills, morphological skills, pragmatics, vocabulary Syntax - ANSWER- understanding word order and grammar rules Phonological Skills - ANSWER- awareness of sounds (ex- syllables and rhymes) Morphological skills - ANSWER- understanding the meaning of word forms and parts Pragmatics - ANSWER- social rule of communication Vocabulary - ANSWER- meaning of words and phrases Assessment - ANSWER- formative, summative, benchmark reading, progress monitoring, diagnostic reading test Formative assessment - ANSWER- informs instruction (for learning) Summative Assessment - ANSWER- what you have learned (of learning) Benchmark Reading Assessment - ANSWER- a reading assessment given to students periodically throughout the year that determines how much learning has taken place up to a certain point and time Progress monitoring - ANSWER- weekly/biweekly screenings Diagnostic Reading Test - ANSWER- individual students specific areas of weakness, use the results to inform instruction, used after progress monitoring, pre-intervention step Reading levels - ANSWER- independent, instructional, and frustration Independent reading level - ANSWER- 97-100% accuracy; fluent reading; 90-100% comprehension Instructional reading level - ANSWER- 90-96% accuracy; somewhat fluent; 75-90% comprehension Frustration reading level - ANSWER- 90% accuracy; may/may not be fluent; comprehension low Phonological Awareness - ANSWER- awareness of the words, syllables, rhymes, and sounds in language Syllable - ANSWER- a unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants. (Ze-bra; 2 syllables- 1 open syllable and 1 closed syllable) Open syllable - ANSWER- ends with a long vowel sound spelled with one vowel letter; no consonant to close it To-tal Ri-val Bi-ble Closed syllable - ANSWER- short vowel in syllable, vowel is followed (closed) by a consonant Com-mon But-ter Onset - ANSWER- initial phonological unit of any word Cat Rime - ANSWER- refers to the string of letters that follow, usually a vowel and final consonants cAT Rhyme - ANSWER- repetition of similar sounds in two or more words Alliteration - ANSWER- the repetition of beginning consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words or syllables Onomatopoeia - ANSWER- a word that imitates the sound it represents. Hyperbole - ANSWER- exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally Phonemic awareness - ANSWER- ability to recognize that words are made up of individual speech sounds (phonemes, smallest unit of speech- 44 of them) Isolation - ANSWER- identify specific phonemes in words, individual letters (phonemes/ graphemes) Blending - ANSWER- blending sounds together Consonant blends - ANSWER- two or more consonants are blended together, but each sound may be heard in the blend bl, br, cl, cr, dr, fr, tr, fl, gl Diagraph - ANSWER- two consonants stand together to represent a single sound sh, ch, th, and wh Segmenting - ANSWER- breaking words down into individual sounds or syllables Deletion - ANSWER- requires children to be able to remove individual or blended sounds from words or to identify words once a phoneme or phonemes have been removed Addition/Substitution - ANSWER- switch/substitute one phoneme for another to make a new word Phonics - ANSWER- predictable relationship between phonemes and graphemes Vowels - ANSWER- a, e, i, o, u Long vowels - ANSWER- ā, ē, ī, ō, ū (pronunciation is the same as its letter name) side, teeth, skate Short vowels - ANSWER- ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ Apple, umbrella, crab, ice Vowel teams - ANSWER- ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ Apple, umbrella, crab, ice Consonants - ANSWER- any letter that isn't a vowel Phonemes - ANSWER- smallest unit of sound, put together to make words B,a,t in the word bat Graphemes - ANSWER- way of writing down a phoneme, smallest unit of a writing system, writing ough, sh, p Morphemes - ANSWER- smallest unit of meaning Phonograms - ANSWER- symbol representing a vocal sound High; Hi-igh (2 syllables/sounds, 2 phonograms) Patterns with consonants and vowels - ANSWER- CVC (consonant, vowel, consonant) Cap, pop,lid CCVC (consonant, consonant, vowel, consonant) Slip, plop, glad CVVC (consonant, vowel, vowel, consonant) Cook, book, four, hair CVCe (consonant, vowel, consonant, e) Bike, made Homonyms/ Homophones - ANSWER- sound alike spelled differently sea/see Homographs - ANSWER- spelled alike, pronounced differently Live, read, bow Structural analysis - ANSWER- the process of recognizing unknown words by using knowledge of word structure Roots - ANSWER- words use to build other words can be any part of a word that carries meaning: the beginning, middle or end. unacceptable Affices - ANSWER- group of letters attached before and after the root word Prefixes - ANSWER- group of letter before the root word Suffixes - ANSWER- group of letters places after the root word Inflected endings - ANSWER- indicate tense (walked, walking, walks) and number (cats, foxes) Decoding - ANSWER- process of translating print into speech by rapidly matching a letter or combination of letters (graphemes) to their sounds and recognizing the pattern that make syllables and words Encoding - ANSWER- using individual sounds to build and write words Precommunicative Stage - ANSWER- the child uses letters from the alphabet but shows no knowledge of letter-sound correspondences. The child may also lack knowledge of the entire alphabet, the distinction between upper- and lower-case letters, and the left-to-right direction of English orthography (e.g., the letter M used for the word Jessica) Semi-phonetic stage - ANSWER- begin to understand letter-sound, uses single letters. The child begins to understand letter-sound correspondence — that sounds are assigned to letters. At this stage, the child often employs rudimentary logic, using single letters, for example, to represent words, sounds, and syllables (e.g., U for you) Phonetic stage - ANSWER- children use a letter or group of letters to represent every speech sound that they hear in a word. Although some of their choices do not conform to conventional English spelling, their attempts to spell words are systematic and easily understood (e.g., the letters tak for take and en for in) Transitional stage - ANSWER- the speller begins to assimilate the conventional alternative for representing sounds, moving from a dependence only or mainly on phonology (sound) for representing words, to evidencing a greater understanding of common letter patterns in words and the structure of words. Some examples of misspelling typical of this stage are egul for eagle and higheked for hiked Correct stage - ANSWER- at this stage, spellers know common letter-sound relationships and generalizations (rules) for spelling, as well as how to use morphemic information in spelling. The student understands how to spell many common prefixes and suffixes, silent consonants, alternative spellings, and irregular spellings. A large number of learned words are accumulated, and the speller recognizes incorrect forms. The child's generalizations about spelling and knowledge of exceptions are usually correct Cueing systems - ANSWER- graphophonic, semantics, phonological, and syntax Graphophonic - ANSWER- (visual) breaking down words into letters sounds, syllables, prefixes, etc. sounding out words, letter/sound relationship, phonics, print conventions Semantics - ANSWER- (meaning) making sense of text, interpreting meaning and making meaningful connections, prior knowledge Syntax - ANSWER- (structure) making sense of words in sentences. The way language is put together (sentences, phrases, paragraphs), grammar Phonological - ANSWER- (sound system) helps in pronouncing words, dividing words into syllables Five essential Components of an Effective Reading Classroom - ANSWER- fluency, comprehension, vocab, phonics, and phonemic awareness Fluency - ANSWER- the ability to read with speed, accuracy, and proper expression Automaticity - ANSWER- automatic word recognition Prosody - ANSWER- patterns of rhyme and sound, expression Rate - ANSWER- speed, words correct per minute Comprehension - ANSWER- ability to process text, understand its meaning, and to make connections to background knowledge Vocab - ANSWER- the words we need to know to understand what we read Academic language - ANSWER- the language of a particular discipline; involves both terms and concepts important in that discipline, the language of school Word/Phrase level - ANSWER- vocabulary usage Sentence level - ANSWER- language forms and conventions, grammatical, conventions, mechanics, fluency, structure Discourse level - ANSWER- associated with academic tasks, amount of text, variety of sentences with different structure, organization Tier 1 words - ANSWER- used in daily speech, basic words Tier 2 words - ANSWER- high frequency/multiple meaning vocab, general academic vocab, appear across different genres and content areas ex) establish Tier 3 words - ANSWER- low frequency, context-specific vocab ex) economics, isotope, atom Semantic maps - ANSWER- focus on central theme or topic, the way key ideas and details in a text relate to a central topic and each other Nuances - ANSWER- subtle difference in or a shade of meaning, expression, or sound, ex: lime green, light green, dark green Signs of active listening - ANSWER- restating information, asking clarification questions To improve reading comprehension - ANSWER- provide choice of reading selections ensure students are reading texts of optimal difficulty encourage re-reading allow students to discuss Nonsense words - ANSWER- good to use because memorization does not play a part, helps show a good measure of student knowledge in a specific area (vill, bot, dex) Developing academic language - ANSWER- supports students' comprehension in reading complex texts Perimeter of a circle - ANSWER- whole circle -- d(pi) part of circle -- side length 1 + side length 2 + d(pi) Corresponding angles rules - ANSWER- when corresponding angles are equal, the two lines are parallel, when two lines are crossed by another line (which is called the Transversal), the angles in matching corners are called corresponding angles Natural numbers - ANSWER- the set of numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, ... also called counting numbers. Whole numbers - ANSWER- natural numbers (counting numbers) and zero; 0, 1, 2, 3... Integers - ANSWER- ...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3... all the whole numbers together with their opposites Both choreographers and theater directors - ANSWER- consider the visuals of their performance, blocking on stage to consider the view of the audience Duck walk, frog stance, low-hip poses (no longer used because) - ANSWER- they require students to perform deep knee bends, which are contraindicated because of their potential to strain the ligaments and cartilage of the knees Whole grain/fruits/vegetables - ANSWER- good sources of the carbohydrates used to make the glucose and glycogen that students need to fuel daily physical activities