NURS 5315: Advanced Pathophysiology UTA Exam 1 2023/2024 Latest Revision.

NURS 5315: Advanced Pathophysiology UTA Exam 1 2023/2024 Latest Revision. Atrophy - ANSWER E. Cells decrease in size P. Still functional Physiologic: thymus gland in early childhood Pathological: disuse Hypertrophy - ANSWER E. Increase in cell size P. Increased workload Physiologic: weightlifting Pathologic: cardiomegaly from HTN Hyperplasia - ANSWER E. Increase in cell number P. Increased cellular division Physiologic: liver regeneration Pathologic: endometrial- usually r/t hormones Dysplasia - ANSWER E. Cells change in size, shape, organization P. AKA atypical hyperplasia, a disorderly proliferation Physiologic: N/A Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV Metaplasia - ANSWER E. one cell type replaced with another P. reprogramming of stem cells, reversible Physiologic: N/A Pathologic: stratified squamous cells in bronchial lining r/t cigarette smoke Hypoxia injury - ANSWER E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death. NURS 5315: Advanced Pathophysiology UTA Exam 1 2023/2024 Latest Revision. C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy Free radical and ROS - ANSWER E. normal byproduct of ATP production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular antioxidants P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Ethanol - ANSWER E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads to liver failure irreversible Oncosis - ANSWER Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections Fatty Infiltration - ANSWER intracellular accumulation of lipids in the liver liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet. can lead to cirrhosis dystrophic calcification - ANSWER accumulation of Ca in dead or dying tissues calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and function r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic pancreatitis metastatic calcification - ANSWER accumulation of Ca in normal tissue result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, toxic levels of Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure urate accumulation - ANSWER sodium urate crystals are deposited in tissuesgroup of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis, chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis Coagulative Necrosis - ANSWER kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to hypoxia Liquefactive Necrosis - ANSWER nerve cells- brain- accumulation of pus Caseous Necrosis - ANSWER lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like clumped cheese Fat Necrosis - ANSWER breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates soaps Gangrenous Necrosis - ANSWER Dry- dark shriveled skin Wet- internal organs- can lead to death Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy Gout - ANSWER E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for < 30 years old. P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and joints. C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in cream sauces, red wine, or red meat Rhabdomyolysis - ANSWER E. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, or severe dehydration P. hypoxia leads to cell death, cellular contents are released in bloodstream. C.M. CK is 5x upper normal limit, muscle pain, weakness, dark, reddish-brown urine, hypercalcemia, renal failure Alpha Fetoprotein Origin - ANSWER Liver and germ cell tumors Carcinoembryonic Antigen - ANSWER GI, pancreas, lung, breast tumors Beta Human Chorionic gonadotropin origin - ANSWER germ cell tumors Prostate Specific Antigen - ANSWER prostate tumors Carcino- - ANSWER from epithelial tissue- renal cell carcinoma Sarco- - ANSWER from connective tissue- chondrosarcoma -oma - ANSWER benign tumor- lipoma Carcinoma in situ - ANSWER preinvasive epithelial malignant tumors of glandular or squamous cells- cervix -blastoma - ANSWER from blasts or immature cells- neuroblastoma Lung ca metastasis - ANSWER Multiple organs including brain Colorectal ca metastasis - ANSWER Liver, lungs Testicular ca metastasis - ANSWER Liver, lungs, brain Prostate ca metastasis - ANSWER Bones (especially lumbar spine), liver Breast ca metastasis - ANSWER Liver, lungs, brain, bones Head and neck ca metastasis - ANSWER Liver, bones, lymphatics Ovarian ca metastasis - ANSWER Peritoneal surfaces, diaphragm, omentum, liver Sarcoma metastasis - ANSWER Lungs