Biology 211 Exam 4 questions and answers

Biology 211 Exam 4 questions and answers What are the key characteristics of plants? - - Composed of one or more eukaryote cell(s) - Cell wall composed of cellulose - Chlorophyll in chloroplast How do plants acquire energy? - By autotrophy (photosynthesis) How do plants acquire nutrients? - Absorbed from the environment (Nitrogen and Phosphorus) How do plants produce ATP? - Aerobic cellular respiration What plant is an exception? Why? - Ghost plants - Lacks chlorophyll, and is parasitic on mycorrhizal fungi that have mutualistic associations with trees What are the 5 types of plant lineages? - 1. Green Algae 2. Nonvascular plants 3. Seedless vascular plants 4. Gymnosperms 5. Angiosperms Where do green algae inhabit? - aquatic ecosystems What are the characteristics of green algae? - - Unicellular or multicellular - No tissues or organs How does green algae acquire nutrients and water? - - Carbon dioxide - Nitrogen - Phosphorus - Water absorbed across cell membrane What is the ecological importance (historically and presently) of green algae? - - Photosynthesis contributes to increased biological production and biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems All plant groups contribute to increased biodiversity by providing resources: a)______, b) _______, and c) _____ - a) food to consumers b) oxygen and c) habitat Where do non -vascular plants inhabit? - aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems What are the characteristics of non -vascular plants? - - Cells organized into tissues/organs - Cuticle and stomata - No vascular tissue - Embryo released from plant in a desiccation -resistant spore What is a waxy layer that prevents water loss from stems and leaves? - Cuticle What has pores that allow gas to exchange in photosynthetic tissues and guard cells close under conditions of water stress (to reduce further water loss)? - Stomata How do the cuticle and stomata acquire nutrients and water? - - Rhizoids anchor plant to substrate (e.g., soil, wood, rock) and absorb water, nutrients (N,P) - Carbon dioxide absorbed through stomata What is the ecological importance (historically) of the cuticle and stomata? - - Resources provided by first terrestrial plants enabled evolution of terrestrial consumers - Explosion in biodiversity, organism abundance, and biological production Where do seedless vascular plants inhabit? - aquatic and wet terrestrial ecosystems What are the characteristics of seedless vascular plants? - - Cuticle and stomata - Vascular tissue conducts water, nutrients, and carbohydrates through plants - Embryo released from plant in a desiccation -resistant spore How do seedless vascular plants acquire nutrients and water? - Vascular tissue - Xylem - Phloem __________ conducts water and nutrients from roots to photosynthetic cells - Xylem __________ conducts carbohydrates from photosynthetic cells to roots - Phloem What is the ecological importance (historically and presently) of seedless vascular plants? - - Vascular tissue and lignin enable plants to grow tall and inhabit drier habitats - Increased terrestrial plant abundance and diversity (habitat and food resources) enables increased biodiversity and organism abundance Where do gymnosperms inhabit? - Terrestrial ecosystem What are the characteristics of gymnosperms? - - Cuticle and stomata* - Vascular tissue and lignin* - Embryo released from plant in a seed* ‣ *Adaptation for terrestrial life How do gymnosperms acquire nutrients and water? - Vascular system What is the ecological importance (historically and presently) of gymnosperms? - - First plants capable of reproducing in dry terrestrial habitat - Increased food and habitat resources and increased biodiversity and organism abundance Where do angiosperms inhabit? - aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem What are the characteristics of angiosperms? - - Cuticle and stomata* - Vascular tissue and lignin* - Embryo released from plant in a seed (surrounded by fruit)*