Biology 211 Final Exam Questions And Answers Rated A+

_____is a modified form of _______ which is translated directly from DNA. _____ brings the next coded amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain. _______ is a small sequence of RNA that can interfere with gene expression. - mRNA, pre-mRNA, tRNA, miRNA A reaction that releases energy is? - exergonic During what stage of the cell cycle is cyclin most prevalent and MPF most active? - M phase During which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes move toward opposite poles of the dividing cell? - Anaphase 1 Genetic variation is a result of: - random fertilization, independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis, and crossing over during meiosis. List the four major elements that make up compounds? - hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen Phospholipids make up the? - cell membrane The electron transport chain takes place in what membrane layer and cellular organelle? - Inner membrane; mitochondria The law of independent assortment and the law of segregation are phenomena that occur during? - meiosis 1 The monomer that makes up carbohydrates? - monosaccharides The monomers that make up nucleic acids? - nucleotidesThe monomers that make up proteins? - amino acids What are cis trans isomers? - carbons have same covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to inflexible double bond What are enantiomers? - isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon(one that is attached to four different atoms). What are microtubules made up of? - tubulin What are single stranded binding proteins? - bind to unpaired DNA keeping them from separating What are structural isomers? - they differ in the covalent arrangement of their atoms What are the four emergent properties of water? - 1. cohesion 2. high specific heat 3. versatile solvent 4. solid water has a lower density than liquid water What are the roles of second messengers? - they are small, water soluble non proteins, that are extracellular signaling molecules What are the seven major functional groups? - hydroxyl(OH), carbonyl(OC), carboxyl(OCOH), amino(NHH), sulfhydryl(SH), phospate(OOOOP), and methyl(CHHH). What cellular organelle is considered the shipping and receiving center of the cell? This structure is also responsible for protein modification. - golgi apparatus What cellular organelle is involved in cellular respiration? - mitochondria What cellular structure contains enzymes that digest macromolecules? - lysosomesWhat cellular structure synthesizes proteins? - ribosomes What does DNA ligase do? - joins fragments into a continuous strand What does DNA polymerase do? - adds nucleotides to pre-existing chain What does the helicase do? - untwist the double helix What does topoisomerase do? - breaks, swivels, and rejoins DNA What is cell fractionation? - when the same cells are blended, then centrifuged so the heavy pieces settle at the bottom, then centriguge again in a continuous process. What is competitive inhibition? - mimics the substrate, competiting for the same active site What is Mendel's law of segregation? - genes have alternate forms of alleles What is non competitive inhibition? - binds to the enzyme away from the active site, altering the shape of the enzyme so that even if the substrate can bind, the active site functions less effectively What is the central dogma theory? - DNA to mRNA (by transcription) to protein (by translation) What is the component in the cytoskeleton involved in chromosome movement during cell division? - centromere What is the normal binding of a substrate? - substrate can bind normally to the active site of an enzyme What is the specific bond that occurs between protiens? - polypeptide bondsWhat is Van der Waals interactions? - a molecule can have positive or negative charged regions that occur when molecules are close together, but the attraction is weak. What process during cellular respiration consumes oxygen? - Oxidative phosphorylation What process during cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide? - Citric acid cycle What stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP? - Oxidative Phosphorylation (26-28 ATP) What step in cellular respiration occurs outside of the mitochondria? - glycolysis What strand is synthesized continuously? - leading strand What strand is synthesized in Okazaki fragments? - lagging strands What type of bonds hold together carbohydrates? - glycosidic linkage What type of carbohydrate makes up the cell wall? - cellulose What type of reaction is needed to break down a polymer? - hydrolysis reaction What type of reaction is needed to synthesize a polymer? - dehydration reaction