UTA 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Summer 2024/2025 TEST 3 - | Latest Version | Graded A+

UTA 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Summer 2024/2025 TEST 3 - | Latest Version | Graded A+ **What is Mitral Valve Stenosis characterized by?** Mitral Valve Stenosis is characterized by the narrowing of the mitral valve, reducing its diameter to less than 2.5 cm. This condition is commonly caused by Rheumatic Fever and is more prevalent in women. It impedes the flow of oxygenated blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle, leading to left atrial hypertrophy and dilation. Ultimately, it causes increased pressure and volume in the pulmonary circulation, resulting in pulmonary edema. Clinical symptoms include dyspnea, hemoptysis, atrial fibrillation, dysphagia, and pulmonary hypertension. **Describe Mitral Valve Regurgitation.** Mitral Valve Regurgitation is characterized by the incomplete closure of the mitral valve, often due to mitral valve prolapse, which is more common in women. During systole, blood flows back from the left ventricle into the left atrium. This condition leads to atrial dilation, hypertrophy, and increased pulmonary vascular pressure and volume, resulting in pulmonary edema. Symptoms include dyspnea, rales, a pansystolic murmur, and abnormal heart sounds such as S3 and S4. **What are the characteristics of Aortic Valve Stenosis?** Aortic Valve Stenosis is the most common valvular disease, often caused by aortic valve calcification in individuals over 60 or congenital stenosis in younger individuals. Normal aortic valve diameter is 3 cm, with symptoms typically appearing when the valve narrows to less than 1 cm, and severe symptoms when less than 0.5 cm. This narrowing obstructs blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta, causing blood backup into the left atrium and lungs, leading to pulmonary edema. Symptoms include pulmonary hypertension, poor systemic blood flow, fainting, and chest pain. **Explain Aortic Valve Regurgitation.** Aortic Valve Regurgitation occurs when the aortic valve does not close effectively, allowing blood to flow back into the left ventricle. This condition is marked by an early diastolic murmur due to blood falling back from the aorta into the ventricle during relaxation. It is commonly caused by aortic root dilation, infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever, or other conditions like aortic dissection or ankylosing spondylitis. Acute cases increase left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and decrease stroke volume, while chronic cases lead to adaptations such as normalized LVEDP, increased systolic blood pressure, decreased diastolic blood pressure, and increased pulse pressure. **What are the causes of Atherosclerosis?** Atherosclerosis begins with tissue injury, which can be caused by several factors including cigarette toxins, hypertension (increased blood vessel pressure), diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. These factors contribute to endothelial damage and initiate an inflammatory response, leading to the formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques within blood vessels. Patho of Atherosclerosis r/t Hyperlipidemia - Inflammatory Response 1. Tissue injury to endothelial cells lining the blood vessel. 2. Endothelial cells become inflammed and unable to produce sufficient antithrombotic and vasodilating cytokines, increasing risk for clot formation and creating a tighter space for plaques and clots to grow. 3. Macrophages and platelets are called to the area of injury, further congesting the growing plaque area. 4. LDL replaces endothelial cells in the lining of the blood vessel. 5. Macrophages engulf the LDL particles.