Binghamton Bio 114 - Exam Final Review Latest with complete solution

"Salting out" - certain ions become too concentrated in soils and draw water out of roots by osmosis, causing plant death 2 types of lateral meristems: - Cork cambium vascular cambium 2 ways to increase allele diversity/allele frequency distribution: - 1.) gene flow 2.) mutation 3 Chordate Subphyla - Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata 3 criteria for designating species: Boys Make Pasta - biological, morphological, phylogenetic 4 key characteristics of chordates - 1.) notochord 2.) pharyngeal gill slits 3.) dorsal hallow nerve cord 4.) post-anal tail 5 major groupings of animals (phyla) - 1.) Asymmetric animals without germ layers 2.) Radiates--diploblastic with radial symmetry 3.) Lophotrochozoan protostomes triploblastic with bilateral symmetry 4.) Ecdysozoan protostomes5.) Deuterostomes Acid Soils - Too much H+ crowding around plant nutrients in the soil Acoelmoate - No body cavity exists Active Transport - ATP used to transport ions into the roots of the plant Adaptation - A phenotype that is selected for within a population. This is a heritable trait that increases the fitness of the individual with that trait. Adaptations - A heritable trait that increases the relative fitness of individuals having that trait A process by which individuals within a population acquire traits that increase their relative fitness Adventitious Root Systems - Roots that emerge from the stem just above ground to help support plants in shallow soils alkaline pH - ex: gypsy moths have an alkaline pH (high) in their stomachs that keeps tannins from binding to protein and making the protein unavailable to the herbivore Alkaloids - Secondary metabolite that blocks ion channels in membranes and interferes with neurotransmission Alleles - Particular versions of a gene that occur at the same locus on homologous chromosomes Allopatric Speciation - Separated by some physical barrier Alternative Hypothesis - Needed in the event you reject your null hypothesis. This is the opposite of the null salism - ex: taking in bacteria into your body and your immune system kills it, bacteria is dead(-), doesn't do something for you (0) Aneuploid - too many or too few chromosomes Animal defenses- chemical defenses - nausea induction Animal defenses-mechanical - 1.) retaliation 2.) startling behavior 3.) deflection of attack 4.) large size 5.) death feigning 6.) fleeing 7.) crypsis 8.) clustering Annelida phylum - segmented worms(earthworms, predatory marine worms, leeches) From freshwater onto land Have hydrostatic skeleton(fluid filled) Setae-gripping to dig into burrows underground Segmentation- repetition of body parts Annuals - Angiosperm plants that die off at the end of each year, leaving seeds to grow for the next year. Ants on Acacia trees - Acacia trees are eaten by large herbivores, so they have horns to prevent herbivores from eating them Ants will use the hollow horns to store stuff in so if herbivore eats tree then ants will bite sinuses of herbivores which prevents them from eating trees Beltian bodies- produced on tree leafs for ants to useBenefits to ants: place to live, beltian bodies Trees: defense against herbivores and benefits over other plants Costs: ants: use resources to defend, some of ants may die from herbivores; plants: have to grow beltian bodies Are members in mutualistic relationships willingly generous? - Each party evolved to provide something to the other only because the resulting benefit to themselves is greater than the cost associated with the production of the benefit to the partner. As soon as the cost of producing the gift outweigh the benefits, the relationship will end Artificial Selection - Humans are selecting agents, who choose specific plants and animals to breed. Assortative mating - an individual is more likely to mate with another that is similar in phenotype to itself ex: people, plants, blister beetles(females mate with males closest to their size) Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg - 1.) Random Mating 2.) No mutation 3.) No migration 4.) Infinite population size 5.) No natural selection