Bio 114 Test 1 Binghamton Questions & Answers Already Graded A+

adaption - A heritable trait that increases the relative fitness of individuals having the trait. All organisms are mad of cells- cell theory - Cells are naturally occurring compartment bound by a thin, flexible plasma membrane, and contains chemicals in an aqueous solution that perform life functions All cells come from existing cells, continous cycle Alpha - The threshold allowed to for a probable similarity between the data and the null. alternative hypothesis - The hypothesis that states there is a difference between two or more sets of data. Artificial Selection - Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms assorative mating - sexual reproduction that happen between species that are closely related in a phenotypic manner atavism - in biology, the reappearance of a characteristic in an organism after several generations of absence; individual or a part that exhibits atavism; return of a trait after a period of absence (rare) Biosphere - all the biomes put together, climate change Chi-square - ∑ (obs-exp)^2 / exp Community - are a collection of populations of different species living together in the same area.Boundaries may be set up by natural structure (eg mountains, islands, etc) or arbitrarily determined by us. Community biologists are concerned with diversity of species and relationships each species has with other species. Contrivance - an adaptation in an organism, where the adaptation exists as a result of the modification of the original (or previous) adaptation in an ancestor. convergence - is when organisms have traits in common, but do not have a common ancestor that provided them with those traits. convergent evolution - Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments Darwin's conclusions - ariation in conjunction with environmental pressure is the key to understanding diversity and how and why species change. Darwin's theory on the Origin of Species by Natural Selection had 3 components: All species have a common ancestor. All species show changes in characteristics through time. All species show changes in characteristics in different environments. developmental homology - A similarity in embryonic form, or in the fate of embryonic tissues, that is due to inheritance from a common ancestor. Differential reproduction. - As a result of a condition of the trait, individuals will have more breeding offspring than others, thus passing the genes for that condition into the next generationdifferential survival - There needs to be a difference in survival to reproductive age based on the condition of the trait (which leads to Differential reproduction below). Some individuals will produce more breeding offspring than others will. Non-breeding individuals are no different than dead individuals. Differential survival also refers to differences in the persistence of genes (traits) across time within a genetic line within a population. Diploid - an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number Ecosystems - are communities plus their abiotic factors (water, temperature, geology, sunlight, etc.). Although ecosystems are communities plus abiotic factors, we frequently refer to ecosystems as much larger agents than communities (e.g., the Sonoran Desert ecosystem). Ecosystem biologists are concerned with, among other things, energy flow and matter cycling EV theory - Evolution explains variation, how that variation came about, and what can happen if environmental conditions change. All species are related to each other through common ancestry. Natural Selection acts on individuals, but evolutionary change affects only populations. evidence 1a. Geographic proximity of similar, non-interbreeding species. - The birds in Fig. 22.6a are 4 different species of mocking birds on the Galapagos Islands. Their extreme similarity and close proximity suggests relatedness. Evolution - a heritable change in the characteristics within a population from one generation to the next; the development of new types of organisms from preexisting types of organisms over time evolution - the change in genetic (allelic) frequency within a population over time.Exaptation - A trait that was adaptive under a prior set of conditions and later provides the initial stage for evolution of a new adaptation (contrivance) under a new set of conditions (in descendants). exaptation - shaping of a useful feature of an organism by natural selection to perform one function and the later reshaping of it by different selection pressures to perform a new function Fossil Record - Not all species were together at one time Extinction has taken place Transitional forms exist (Fig. 22.4 and 22.8) Major increases in species complexity takes billions of years Life began in the sea gene flow - Movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population genetic homology - similar gene sequences between individuals of different species. Haploid - An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes. hemizygous - Describes an individual who has only one member of a chromosome pair or chromosome segment rather than the usual two. Heredability - the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genesHeritability. - the traits in question need to be heritable, that is, passed from parent to offspring by genes. This is where Lamarck's ideas fell apart. Acquired characteristics are not normally passed from one generation to another (However, pay attention when we get to the end of "Mendelian Inheritance".) Hiearchy notes - Units of each level define the next level. Typically the units of one level come together to create the next level (eg. Several organ systems come together to make an organism several organisms come together to make a population, etc.).