Ch01
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. Features of personality that differentiate one person from another usually take the form of _____ in
language.
A. differential pronouns
B. trait-descriptive adjectives
C. action-descriptive verbs
D. trait-differentiating adverbs
2. If I describe Juan as "possessive" or Anita as "friendly," I am employing the use of
A. trait-descriptive adjectives.
B. inner psychological states.
C. strategies to attain goals.
D. inner qualities of personality.
3. How many trait-descriptive adjectives are there in the English language?
A. More than 500
B. More than 1,800
C. More than 5,000
D. More than 20,000
4. Psychologists have found it difficult to define personality because
A. psychologists are not smart enough to determine the boundaries of human personality.
B. personality has a common sense definition that psychologists find hard to falsify.
C. the idea of studying human personality is a rather new concept in psychology.
D. any definition of personality needs to be sufficiently comprehensive to include a multitude of
concepts.
5. Research on personality traits asks all of these questions EXCEPT
A. how many fundamental personality traits there are.
B. how personality traits are organized.
C. where personality traits come from.
D. which cues cause behavior in a situation.
6. Immanuel walks the same path every day at the same time. To state that he will most likely take the same
route at the same time next Wednesday is using the _____ nature of personality traits.
A. descriptive
B. explanatory
C. predictive
D. individualistic
7. Mike makes several social errors at a party. He calls the host by the wrong name, spills his red wine on
the carpet, and insults the guest of honor. We label Mike's behavior as "socially inept." This labeling of
Mike's behavior utilizes the _____ research approach to personality traits.
A. explanatory
B. descriptive
C. intuitive
D. presumptive
8. Traits define the __________ tendencies of an individual person.
A. central
B. average
C. overt
D. outlying
,9. A talkative person will
A. always talk more than a quiet person.
B. never shut up.
C. talk more than a quiet person in theaters.
D. talk more, on average, than a quiet person.
10. To say that someone will tend to display a trait with regularity is to say that the person has a(n)
A. average tendency.
B. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C. adaptation.
D. social-cognitive approach.
11. Which of the following questions does research on personality traits NOT emphasize?
A. How many fundamental traits are there?
B. How are traits organized within individuals?
C. What are the origins of traits?
D. How are all persons similar?
12. Psychological mechanisms differ from traits in that mechanisms
A. are less stable.
B. refer more to processes.
C. do not have decision rules.
D. are biologically "hard wired."
13. Which of the following is NOT part of most personality mechanisms?
A. Access codes
B. Decision rules
C. Inputs
D. Outputs
14. The trait of courageousness is an especially good example of
A. an adaptive trait.
B. how traits are consistent.
C. how traits are activated only under certain conditions.
D. how traits change over time.
15. Personality is
A. outside the person.
B. inside the person.
C. both outside and inside the person.
D. inside or outside, depending on the person.
16. To say that someone has the trait of happiness, you need to know that the person
A. is happy at a given moment.
B. is frequently happy.
C. remembers being happy.
D. makes others happy.
17. Which of the following is NOT defined as part of the person-environment interaction?
A. Serializations
B. Perceptions
C. Manipulations
D. Selection
18. Responses to an ink-blot test can demonstrate which part of the person-environment interaction?
A. Perceptions
B. Manipulations
C. Evocations
D. Selections
,19. Mo looks at the ink blot and sees two birds nesting. Heidi looks at the ink blot and sees a tranquil forest.
Joe looks at the ink blot and sees something sexual. These three responses are illustrating that ______ are
important components of the person-environment interaction.
A. prostheses
B. provocations
C. perceptions
D. projections
20. Evocations are demonstrated when
A. different people see the same situation differently.
B. our characteristics unintentionally cause other people to act a certain way.
C. we intentionally attempt to make other people act in a certain way.
D. individuals select environments to match their traits.
21. Every time Sid walks into the room everyone laughs. This demonstrates the person-environment
interaction of
A. evocation.
B. elocution.
C. exultation.
D. emaciation.
22. Bianca always picks out restaurants that have a very quiet, subdued atmosphere. She always tries to avoid
loud restaurants. _____ is the person-environment fit mechanism that may account for this behavior.
A. Sublimation
B. Selection
C. Suggestion
D. Sophistication
23. To say that a trait is adaptive means that the trait
A. is the result of sexual selection.
B. easily changes as necessary.
C. serves a useful function.
D. indicates psychopathology.
24. At the psychological level, the physical environment may lead to the development of
A. shivering mechanisms when people are cold.
B. hunger pangs to motivate people to seek food.
C. friction mechanisms to prevent calluses in skin.
D. fear mechanisms to help us avoid environmental threats.
25. In the social environment, our "effective environment" represents the/a
A. strongest environmental cues that are found in any given environment.
B. environmental cues that are directly related to survival in the immediate environment.
C. set of cues emitted by other people in the environment.
D. subset of environmental features people attend to based on their psychological mechanisms.
26. The intrapsychic environment is
A. not as objectively verifiable as the social or physical environment.
B. often easy to verify through the analysis of dreams.
C. relatively consistent across social, but not physical, environments.
D. based on how others in the environment react to a person.
27. The human nature level of personality analysis addresses how every human is
A. like all others.
B. like some others.
C. like no others.
D. somewhat like other mammals.
, 28. The group differences level of personality analysis addresses how every human is
A. like all others.
B. like some others.
C. like no others.
D. somewhat like other mammals
29. The individual uniqueness level of personality analysis addresses how every human is
A. like all others.
B. like some others.
C. like no others.
D. somewhat like other mammals
30. The ability to learn spoken language is an example of the
A. human nature level of analysis.
B. individual and group differences level of analysis.
C. individual uniqueness level of analysis.
D. social psychological level of analysis.
31. Studying how people vary in levels of anxiety, self-esteem, or worry represents a/an _____ approach to
studying personality psychology.
A. individual differences
B. human nature
C. ideographic
D. environmental
32. Which of the following is an example of "idiographic research"?
A. Comparing men and women on emotionality.
B. Developing a questionnaire that measures sociability.
C. Writing a case study of Albert Einstein's personality.
D. Conducting a field study of helping behaviors.
33. Which of the following is an example of "nomothetic research"?
A. Preparing a case study of Sigmund Freud.
B. Comparing freshmen and seniors on a personality inventory.
C. Attempting to identify the genes related to impulsivity.
D. Analyzing the correspondence of Chris Rock.
34. The study of a single individual is an example of
A. idiographic research.
B. nomothetic research.
C. correlational research.
D. cognitive psychology research.
35. Most current personality research is done at the _____ level of analysis.
A. idiographic
B. human nature
C. individual uniqueness
D. group and individual differences
36. Most grand theories of personality focus on the _____ level of analysis.
A. idiographic
B. human nature
C. individual uniqueness
D. group and individual differences
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. Features of personality that differentiate one person from another usually take the form of _____ in
language.
A. differential pronouns
B. trait-descriptive adjectives
C. action-descriptive verbs
D. trait-differentiating adverbs
2. If I describe Juan as "possessive" or Anita as "friendly," I am employing the use of
A. trait-descriptive adjectives.
B. inner psychological states.
C. strategies to attain goals.
D. inner qualities of personality.
3. How many trait-descriptive adjectives are there in the English language?
A. More than 500
B. More than 1,800
C. More than 5,000
D. More than 20,000
4. Psychologists have found it difficult to define personality because
A. psychologists are not smart enough to determine the boundaries of human personality.
B. personality has a common sense definition that psychologists find hard to falsify.
C. the idea of studying human personality is a rather new concept in psychology.
D. any definition of personality needs to be sufficiently comprehensive to include a multitude of
concepts.
5. Research on personality traits asks all of these questions EXCEPT
A. how many fundamental personality traits there are.
B. how personality traits are organized.
C. where personality traits come from.
D. which cues cause behavior in a situation.
6. Immanuel walks the same path every day at the same time. To state that he will most likely take the same
route at the same time next Wednesday is using the _____ nature of personality traits.
A. descriptive
B. explanatory
C. predictive
D. individualistic
7. Mike makes several social errors at a party. He calls the host by the wrong name, spills his red wine on
the carpet, and insults the guest of honor. We label Mike's behavior as "socially inept." This labeling of
Mike's behavior utilizes the _____ research approach to personality traits.
A. explanatory
B. descriptive
C. intuitive
D. presumptive
8. Traits define the __________ tendencies of an individual person.
A. central
B. average
C. overt
D. outlying
,9. A talkative person will
A. always talk more than a quiet person.
B. never shut up.
C. talk more than a quiet person in theaters.
D. talk more, on average, than a quiet person.
10. To say that someone will tend to display a trait with regularity is to say that the person has a(n)
A. average tendency.
B. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C. adaptation.
D. social-cognitive approach.
11. Which of the following questions does research on personality traits NOT emphasize?
A. How many fundamental traits are there?
B. How are traits organized within individuals?
C. What are the origins of traits?
D. How are all persons similar?
12. Psychological mechanisms differ from traits in that mechanisms
A. are less stable.
B. refer more to processes.
C. do not have decision rules.
D. are biologically "hard wired."
13. Which of the following is NOT part of most personality mechanisms?
A. Access codes
B. Decision rules
C. Inputs
D. Outputs
14. The trait of courageousness is an especially good example of
A. an adaptive trait.
B. how traits are consistent.
C. how traits are activated only under certain conditions.
D. how traits change over time.
15. Personality is
A. outside the person.
B. inside the person.
C. both outside and inside the person.
D. inside or outside, depending on the person.
16. To say that someone has the trait of happiness, you need to know that the person
A. is happy at a given moment.
B. is frequently happy.
C. remembers being happy.
D. makes others happy.
17. Which of the following is NOT defined as part of the person-environment interaction?
A. Serializations
B. Perceptions
C. Manipulations
D. Selection
18. Responses to an ink-blot test can demonstrate which part of the person-environment interaction?
A. Perceptions
B. Manipulations
C. Evocations
D. Selections
,19. Mo looks at the ink blot and sees two birds nesting. Heidi looks at the ink blot and sees a tranquil forest.
Joe looks at the ink blot and sees something sexual. These three responses are illustrating that ______ are
important components of the person-environment interaction.
A. prostheses
B. provocations
C. perceptions
D. projections
20. Evocations are demonstrated when
A. different people see the same situation differently.
B. our characteristics unintentionally cause other people to act a certain way.
C. we intentionally attempt to make other people act in a certain way.
D. individuals select environments to match their traits.
21. Every time Sid walks into the room everyone laughs. This demonstrates the person-environment
interaction of
A. evocation.
B. elocution.
C. exultation.
D. emaciation.
22. Bianca always picks out restaurants that have a very quiet, subdued atmosphere. She always tries to avoid
loud restaurants. _____ is the person-environment fit mechanism that may account for this behavior.
A. Sublimation
B. Selection
C. Suggestion
D. Sophistication
23. To say that a trait is adaptive means that the trait
A. is the result of sexual selection.
B. easily changes as necessary.
C. serves a useful function.
D. indicates psychopathology.
24. At the psychological level, the physical environment may lead to the development of
A. shivering mechanisms when people are cold.
B. hunger pangs to motivate people to seek food.
C. friction mechanisms to prevent calluses in skin.
D. fear mechanisms to help us avoid environmental threats.
25. In the social environment, our "effective environment" represents the/a
A. strongest environmental cues that are found in any given environment.
B. environmental cues that are directly related to survival in the immediate environment.
C. set of cues emitted by other people in the environment.
D. subset of environmental features people attend to based on their psychological mechanisms.
26. The intrapsychic environment is
A. not as objectively verifiable as the social or physical environment.
B. often easy to verify through the analysis of dreams.
C. relatively consistent across social, but not physical, environments.
D. based on how others in the environment react to a person.
27. The human nature level of personality analysis addresses how every human is
A. like all others.
B. like some others.
C. like no others.
D. somewhat like other mammals.
, 28. The group differences level of personality analysis addresses how every human is
A. like all others.
B. like some others.
C. like no others.
D. somewhat like other mammals
29. The individual uniqueness level of personality analysis addresses how every human is
A. like all others.
B. like some others.
C. like no others.
D. somewhat like other mammals
30. The ability to learn spoken language is an example of the
A. human nature level of analysis.
B. individual and group differences level of analysis.
C. individual uniqueness level of analysis.
D. social psychological level of analysis.
31. Studying how people vary in levels of anxiety, self-esteem, or worry represents a/an _____ approach to
studying personality psychology.
A. individual differences
B. human nature
C. ideographic
D. environmental
32. Which of the following is an example of "idiographic research"?
A. Comparing men and women on emotionality.
B. Developing a questionnaire that measures sociability.
C. Writing a case study of Albert Einstein's personality.
D. Conducting a field study of helping behaviors.
33. Which of the following is an example of "nomothetic research"?
A. Preparing a case study of Sigmund Freud.
B. Comparing freshmen and seniors on a personality inventory.
C. Attempting to identify the genes related to impulsivity.
D. Analyzing the correspondence of Chris Rock.
34. The study of a single individual is an example of
A. idiographic research.
B. nomothetic research.
C. correlational research.
D. cognitive psychology research.
35. Most current personality research is done at the _____ level of analysis.
A. idiographic
B. human nature
C. individual uniqueness
D. group and individual differences
36. Most grand theories of personality focus on the _____ level of analysis.
A. idiographic
B. human nature
C. individual uniqueness
D. group and individual differences
