KPE160 - Fundamentals of Human Movement Midterm Questions And Answers

Mechanics - ANS study of how and why physical objects move and/or change state Time - ANS exists; measured in time (seconds); moves in one direction Space and Distance - ANS accept the existence of a three-dimensional spatial universe Planar Angle - ANS a figure made by two intersecting lines or planes Matter - ANS a physical body or substance that occupies space (as a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) Mass (m) - ANS how much matter in a material body Density (p) - ANS mass/volume (kg/m^3) Position of a (Rigid) Body - ANS has a non-zero value for size/mass, not a single point; cannot change shape; position includes location AND orientation Location of a Rigid Body - ANS is the centre of mass (CoM) OR Centre of Gravity (CoG); points about which forces of gravity are balanced Borelli Method to Find CoG - ANS balancing a body in three aces to find centre of gravity Motion - ANS a change in position, distinguish from deformation; displacement and distance are DIFFERENT Speed (s) - ANS the rate of change of distance; always positive; it is a scalar measure Velocity (v) - ANS rate of change of displacement; displacement is a vector measure (both magnitude and direction); this is also a vector measure; negative values mean opposite direction Acceleration (a) - ANS scalar: rate of change of speed; vector: rate of change in velocity; both can take negative values (for slowing down); if value is zero, velocity is constant; direction is specified like velocity (this is a vector measure) Body Segments - ANS body divided into segments based primarily on our bones; may combine multiple bones into one; e.g. feet, legs, thighs, pelvis, lumbar spine, thoracic spine, cervical spine, head, arms, forearms, hands Global Directions - ANS do not move with body; e.g. superior (above); inferior (below); anterior (in front); posterior (behind) Local Directions - ANS move with body; e.g. medial (closer to axis in coronal plane); lateral (further from axis in coronal plane); proximal (closer to axis and axial skeleton along extremity); distal (further from axis and axial skeleton along an extremity) Embryonic Directions - ANS based on embryo axes, move with body; ventral (towards embryonic front); dorsal (toward the embryonic back); lower extremities have rotated 180 degrees Spinal Curve - ANS shape of the spine; lumbar lordosis; thoracic kyphosis; cervical lordosis Sagittal Spinal Curves - ANS lordosis, spinal curve convex anteriorly, concave posteriorly; kyphosis, spinal curve convex posteriorly, concave anteriorly Coronal Spinal Curves - ANS scoliosis: left or right specified as convex side Axial Spinal Curves - ANS rotoscoliosis: left or right, specify relative direction of proximal segement Valgus - ANS distal segment angles away from axis Varus - ANS distal segment angles towards axis Posture - ANS a static (stationary) position of the body; typically used to describe standing and sitting position; position of least muscular effort Base of Support (BoS) - ANS the area circumscribed by the outer most points of your contact patch (if on two feet, include space between feet) Contact Patch - ANS the portion of the body that is in contact with the Earth's surface Centre of Pressure (CoP) - ANS point where the resultant pressure vector falls on the ground; within the base of support; moves when shifting weight Assessing Posture - ANS observe in all 3 anatomical planes; location of centre of gravity; centre of pressure; symmetry/asymmetry; curves; alignment of segments and angles; pelvic position: tilted forward (anteverted), tilted backward (retroverted) Segment - ANS to cut Joining (Linking) Segments - ANS points of linkage are called "joins" (to yoke two animals) Articulation - ANS to divide into parts (separation of bones); permits relative movement Joining of Segments - ANS constrains relative movement Joints - ANS both joining and articulation - joined articulation Articular Surfaces - ANS points of separation between bones needed to allow easy movement (low friction) Hyaline Cartilage - ANS found on surface at the end of bones; smooth, slippery, resists compression, does not resist tension Fibrocartilage - ANS resists tension better than hyaline cartilage; found at the rims of articulation (menisci/labra); act as bumbers Ligaments - ANS constrain by tension (being pulled); passive, collagen, elastic ropes, connects bone to bone Tendons - ANS passive, collagen-based, elastic ropes; connect muscle to bone Muscles - ANS active (contractile) structures of variable shape; connect tendon to tendon (OR bone to tendon OR bone to bone);