Advanced pathophysiology exam 1 questions and answers well illustrated.

Advanced pathophysiology exam 1 questions and answers well illustrated. What oare othe oproperties oof oa oeukaryotic ocell o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o o• oWell odefine onucleus. • ocells oare olarger oand ohave omore oextensive ointracellular oanatomy oand oorganization othan odo oprokaryotes. o • ocells obind owith odeoxyribonucleic oacid o(DNA) oand oare oinvolved oin othe osuper ocoiling oof oDNA. o • ocells ohave oseveral ochromosomes, oprotein oproduction oor osynthesis . oit oconsists oof othree ocomponents: oouter omembrane ocalled oplasma omembrane, oa ofluid ofilling ocalled ocytoplasm, oand othe ointra ocellular oorgans oor oorganelles How odo ocells ocommunicate owith oeach oother oand othe oenvironment ooutside othe ocell o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oCells ocommunicate oby ousing ohundreds oof osignal omolecules. o -they odisplay oplasma omembrane-bound osignaling omolecules o(receptor) othat oaffect othe ocell oitself oand oother ocells oin odirect ophysical ocontact -they oaffect oreceptor oproteins oinside othe otarget ocell oand othe osignal omolecule ohas oto oenter othe ocell oto obind oto othem -they oform oprotein ochannels o(gap ojuctions) othat odirectly ocoordinate othe oactivities oof oadjacent ocells. responsable ofor ocellular orespiration oand oenergy oproduction o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o omitocondria they oprovide osites ofor ocellular oprotein osynthesis o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oribosome is othe olargest omembrane obound oorganelle oand ois ousually ofound oin othe ocell ocenter, omain ofunction ois ocell odivision oand ocontrol oof ogenetic oinformation o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o onucleus is oa osmall odense ostructure ocomposed olargely oof oRNA oand ocombine oit owith oproteins o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o onucleolus are osaclike ostructures othat ooriginate ofrom othe ogolgi ocomplex oand ocontain odigestive oenzymes o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o olysosomes specializes oin othe osynthesis oand otransport oof othe oprotein oand olipid ocomponents oof omost oof othe ocells oorganelles o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oendoplasmic oreticulum proteins ofrom othe oendoplasmic oreticulum oare oprocessed oand opackaged ointo osmall omembrane o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oGolgi oapparatus oor ocomplex membrane oorganelles othat ocontain oseveral ooxidative oenzymes osuch oas ocatalase oand ourate ooxidase. othose oenzymes ouse ooxygen oto oremove ohydrogen oin oan ooxidative oreaction othat oproduces ohydrogen operoxide. o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o operoxisomes it ois othe ogelatinous, osemiliquid oportion oof othe ocytoplasm. ofunctions oinclude: ointermediary ometabolism oinvolving oenzymatic obiochemical oreactions; oribosomal oprotein osynthesis oand ostorage oof ocarbohydrates, ofat oand osecretory ovesicles o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o ocytosol maintains othe ocell's oshape oand ointernal oorganization o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o ocytoskeleton cells osecrete olocal ochemical omediators othat oare oquickly oabsorbed, odestroyed oand oimmobilized. o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oparacrine cancer ocells ouse othis oform oof osignaling oto ostimulate otheir osurvival oand oproliferation. oit ofunction oas oa ocomponent oof onormal ogrowth oregulatory omechanism. o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oautocrine diffuses oacross othe osynaptic ocleft oand oacts oon othe opostsypnaptic otarget ocells o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oneurotransmitter are oreleased oby oone oset oof ocells oand otravel othrough othe otissue oand othrough othe obloodstream oto oproduce oa oresponse oin oother oset oof ocells o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o ohormone proteins ofloat oin othe ofluid olipid obilayer. ois oa omembrane ostructure othat oconsists oof oa ovariety oof oindividual oprotein omolecules omoving oand oshifting owithin oa ofluid obilayer oof ophospholipids. o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o ofluid omosaic omodel second omessenger o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oare omolecules othat orelay osignals oreceived oat oreceptors oon othe ocell osurface are ogenerated oin olarge onumbers owhen othe omembrane obound oenzyme ois oactivated, oand othey othen orapidly odiffuse oaway ofrom otheir osource, obroadcasting othe osignal othroughout othe ocell. oThe otwo omajor opathways oare ocyclic oadenosine omonophosphate o(AMP, oCAMP) oand oCa. • oa osignal omolecule osuch oas oepinephrine obinds oto oa ocell osurface oreceptor, oit oactivate oa oG oprotein oinside othe ocell • oThe oG oprotein ostimulates oadenylyl ocyclase oto oproduce olarge oamounts oof ocyclic oAMP ofrom oATP • oThen ocAMP obinds oto oand oactivate oa otarget oprotein osuch oas oa-kinase owhich oadds ophosphate oto ospecific oprotein owithin othe ocell How odoes ooxidative ophosphorylation owork? o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oOccurs oin othe omitochondria oand ois othe omechanism oby owhich othe oenergy oproduce ofrom ocahydrates, ofats, oand oproteins ois otransferred oto oATP. oThe oprocess oby owhich oATP ois oformed : ois othe opassive omovement oof oa osolute ofrom oan oarea oof ohigher osolute oconcentration oto oan oarea oof olower osolute oconcentration. o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o odiffusion is othe omovement oof owater oacross oa osemipermeable omembrane ofrom oa oregion oof olower osolute oconcentration oto oa oregion oof ohigher osolute oconcentration. o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oOsmosis is othe omechanical oforce oof owater opushing oagainst ocellular omembranes o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oHydrostatic opressure requires ometabolic oenergy o(ATP) oto omove omolecules oagainst othe oconcentration ogradient o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oactive otransport is oalso ocalled ofacilitated odiffusion. oIt odoes onot orequire othe oexpenditure oof ometabolic oenergy. o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o opassive otransport The ooverall oosmotic oeffect oof ocolloids, osuch oas oplasma oproteins. oResults ofrom othe oattraction oof ofluid oby ofree oprotein. o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o ooncotic Where odo oyou osee oedema, oor olow oalbumin oin othese oprocesses o(what's oin oplay). o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oOne oof othe ofunctions oof oalbumin ois oto omaintain ointravascular ooncotic. oIn oa ohealthy operson owith onormal onutrition, othe oliver owill oproduce oadditional oalbumin oto onormalize othe olevel. oVery olow olevels ocan olead oto oswelling oin othe oankles o(edema), oas owell oas ofluid oaccumulating oin othe oabdomen o(ascites), oand oin othe olungs o(pulmonary oedema) Decreased oplasma ooncotic opressure: oresults ofrom oloss oor odiminished oproduction oof oplasma oalbumin. oDecreased ooncotic oattraction oof ofluid owithin othe ocapillary ocauses ofluid oto omove ointo othe ointerstitial ospace, oresulting oin oedema. oDecreased osynthesis oof oplasma oprotein oand odecreased ooncotic opressure omay ooccur owith oliver odisease oor oprotein omalnutrition. Increased ocapillary opermeability ooccurs odue oto oburns oor ocrushing oinjuries. oEdema ois ooften overy osevere obecause oof oloss oof oproteins ofrom othe ovascular ospace, owhich odecreases ocapillary ooncotic opressure oand oincreases ointerstitial ooncotic opressure. Lymphatic oobstruction: oproteins oand ofluids oare onot oreabsorbed oand oaccumulate oin othe ointerstitial ospace oand ocause olymphedema. the oconcept oof osodium opotassium oATPase opump. o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oThe omovement oof oNa oand oK ouses othe odirect oenergy oof oATP. oThe oconcentration oof oATPase oin othe oplasma omembrane ois odirectly orelated oto oNa-K otransport oactivity. oFor oevery oATP omolecule othree omolecules oof oNa oare otransported oout oof othe ocell oand otwo oof oK ointo othe ocell. oThis oprocess oleads oto oelectrogenic aldosterone o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o o: ois oproduced oas oa oresult oof othe orenin-angiotensin omechanism, oacts oto oregulate ofluid ovolume. oangiostensin oII ostimulated othe oadrenal ogland oto orelease oaldosterone, oaldosterone ocauses othe okidney oto oretain osodium oand owater. ADH o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o owhen othe ohypothalamus osense olow oblood ovolume, oit osignal othe opituitary ogland oto osecrete oADH ointo othe oblood, othen othe okidney oretain owater oand oreduce odiuresis How ois othirst ocontrolled? o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oIt ois oregulated oby othe ohypothalamus, ostimulated oby oan oincrease oin oextracellular ofluid oand odrying oof othe omucous omembrane What oare osigns oand osymptoms oof odehydration? o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oconfusion, otachycardia, osubnormal otemperature the oconcentration oof osodium oin othe osolution onearly oequals othe oconcentration oof osodium oin othe oblood o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oisotonic the oconcentration oof osolutes oin othe osolution ois ogreater othan othe oconcentration oin othe opatient's oblood. owater ois opulled oout oof othe ocell oso ocell oshrink. o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o ohypertonic the oconcentration oof osodium oin othe osolution ois oless othan othe oconcentration oof osodium oin othe opatient's oblood. owater ois opulled ointo othe ocell oand othe ocell oburst o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o ohypotonic normotonic o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o orefers oto othe oloss oof oa ofluid oroughly oequivalent oto onormal oplasma oex. osweat are ocell osignalling omolecules othat oaid ocell oto ocell ocommunication oin oimmune oresponses oand ostimulate othe omovement oof ocells otowards osites oof oinflammation, oinfection oand otrauma. omediate oand oregulate oimmunity, oinflammation, oand ohematopoiesis. oCytokines oare ochemicals otransmitted owithin oand obetween ocells oto ocontrol oand oregulate ocell ogrowth. o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o ocytokines How odo ocells oget oenergy oin othe oabsence oof ooxygen? o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oIf oATP ois obeing ogenerated owithout ooxygen oit ois ocalled oanaerobic ometabolism. ocells ocan oproduce oATP ow/out ooxygen othrough oalcohol ofermentation oor olactic oacid ofermentation properties oof omuscle ocells o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oElectrical oexcitability, oContractility, oextensibility, oelasticity excitability o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oability oto orespond oto ostimuli contractility o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oability oto oshorten extensibility o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oAbility oto olength elasticity o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oit ocan obe ostretch oor ocontract oand oit owill oreturn oto othe oresting olength oonce othe ostimulus ois oremoved is oan oincrease oin othe onumber oof ocells ocaused oby oan oincreased orate oof ocellular odivision. o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o ohyperplasia is othe oreversible oreplacement oof oone omature ocell otype oby oanother oless omature ocell otype. o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o ometaplasia is oan oabnormal ochange oin othe osize, oshape, oand oorganization oof omature otissue ocells. example: ochronic oinfection oof othe ocervix oby othe ohuman opapillomavirus o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o odysplasia a ocondition oof ocells oin owhich othey ohave opoor ocellular odifferentiation, olosing othe omorphological ocharacteristics oof omature ocells oand otheir oorientation owith orespect oto oeach oother oand oto oendothelial ocells. o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oanaplasia is oa odecrease oin ocellular osize. o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oatrophy hypertrophy o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oIncrease oin ocell osize is oa oprocess oof oprogrammed ocell odeath othat ooccurs oin omulticellular oorganisms o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oapoptosis Damage oor odestruction oof othe oplasma omembrane. oit obinds owith ohemoglobin oand oblocks ooxygen ofrom odoing oso. o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o ocarbon omonoxide heat oexhaustion o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oOccurs owhen osufficient osalt oand owater oloss oresults oin ohemoconcentration. oHypotension ooccurs osecondary oto ofluid oloss o(hypovolemia). oAnd othe oindividual ofeels oweak, onauseated, oand ocan osuddenly ocollapse. oCollapsing oresults ofrom oa ofailure oof othe ocardiovascular osystem oto ocompensate ofor ohypovolemia. oHeat oexhaustion ois oprobably othe omost ocommon oheat-related oinjury. Is oa oresult oof oprolonged ohigh ocore oor oenvironmental otemperatures. oThese ohigh otemperatures ocause oa ohypothalamic oresponse oproducing odehydration owhich owill odecrease oplasma ovolume, ohypotension, odecreased ocardiac ooutput oand otachycardia. o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oheat oexhaustion What ohappens oto oa ocell owhen othere ois ohypoxic oinjury o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oischemia—the ocessation oof oblood oflow ointo ovessels othat osupply othe ocell owith ooxygen oand onutrients. How odoes oobesity ocontribute oto oincreased orisk ofor odehydration o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oBecause othe owater ocontent oin otheir ofat ocells ois olower othan othe owater ocontent oin othe omuscle ocells, othen othe oobese operson ois omore oprone oto odehydrate. RO o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oRespiratory oopposite Ph o(up) oPCO2 o(down) oalkalosis Ph o(down) oPCO2 o(up) oAcidosis ph o7.35 oto o7.45 PCO2 o35-45 HCO2 o22-26 ME o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oMetabolic oEqual Ph oup oPCO2 oup oAlkalosis PH odown oPCO2 odown oacidosis How odoes othe obody ocompensate owhen oH+ oions oincrease? o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o okidneys oexcrete omore oH oand oretain omore obi-carb when ohydrogen oions oconcentrations oincrease oin obody ofluid oso odoes othe oamount oof oCO2 oThe oextra oCO2 ois oexpelled othrough oexhalation ohelping oto obring odown othe ohydrogen oion olevel oback onormal is oa odeep oand olabored obreathing opattern ooften oassociated owith osevere ometabolic oacidosis, oparticularly odiabetic oketoacidosis o(DKA) obut oalso okidney ofailure. o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oKussmaul orespirations What ois othe orole oof othe ojuxtaglomerular ocells oin ocontrolling othe oeffects oof odehydration? o- o ocorrect oanswer. o o oThe ojuxtaglomerular oapparatus ois oa omicroscopic ostructure oin othe okidney, owhich oregulates othe ofunction oof oeach onephron. oThe oenzyme orenin ois oreleased oby okidney ocells oin oresponse oto oa odecline oin oblood ovolume, oblood opressure, oor oboth. oOnce oin othe obloodstream, orenin ostarts oan oenzymatic ochain oreaction oknown oas othe orenin-angiotensin osystem othat oleads oto othe oformation oof othe ohormone oangiotensin oII. oRenin ocarries oout othe oconversion oof oangiotensinogen oin othe oliver oto oangiotensin oI. oAngiotensin oI ois osubsequently oconverted oto oangiotensin oII oby o'angiotensin oconverting oenzyme' ofound oin othe olungs. oAngiotensin oII ois oa opotent ovaso-active opeptide othat ocauses oblood ovessels oto oconstrict, oresulting oin oincreased oblood opressure. oAngiotensin oII oalso ostimulates othe osecretion oof othe ohormone oaldosterone ofrom othe oadrenal ocortex. oAldosterone ocauses othe otubules oof othe okidneys oto oincrease othe oreabsorption oof osodium oand owater ointo othe oblood. oThis oincreases othe ovolume oof ofluid oin othe obody, owhich oalso oincreases oblood opressure.