AP Biology Exam (units 5-8) Study Guide.

AP Biology Exam (units 5-8) Study Guide. Cell cycle stages - answerinterphase, mitosis, cytokinesis interphase - answerG1 phase, S phase, G2 phase G1 phase - answerThe first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins. S phase - answerThe synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. G2 phase - answerThe second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs. Mitosis - answerpart of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides -prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase prophase - answerChromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms Metaphase - answerChromosomes line up in the middle of the cell anaphase - answerPhase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell telophase - answerAfter the chromosome seperates, the cell seals off, Final Phase of Mitosis. Cytokinesis - answerdivision of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells G0 phase - answerA nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly. cell cycle check points - answercontrol mechanisms in eukaryotic cells which ensure proper division of the cell G1, S, G2, M G1 checkpoint - answerchecks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage S checkpoint - answercheckpoint that determines if DNA has been replicated properly G2 checkpoint - answerchecks for cell size and DNA replication M checkpoint - answerSpindle assembly checkpoint. Mitosis will not continue if chromosomes are not properly aligned. MPF - answermitosis promoting factor cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) - answertwo types of regulatory proteins involved in cell cycle control How MPF and cyclins and cdks interact - answerMPF provides a chemical signal that tells the cell to continue past the G2 checkpoint. MPF is made up of cyclin, a protein encoded by photo-oncogenes, and a kinase which provides energy through phosphorylation for process necessary for successful mitosis. The cyclin breaks down after the cell passes through G2 checkpoint (if it stayed available always, cell would be pushed through G2 checkpoint even if not ready). The kinase does not degrade and instead stays to be reused later on. cancer - answerany malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division 6 ket mutations: -unlimited cell growth -ignore checkpoints -escape apoptosis -immortality=unlimited divisions -promote blood vessel growth -overcome anchor and density dependence (2/12 notes) binary fission - answerA form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size binary fission steps - answer1. DNA Replication 2. Chromosome Segregation (when the replicated chromosomes move to different ends of cell) 3. Separation (new plasma membrane growth, cytoplasm divide, and new cell walls form around the new cells) MOLECULAR GENETICS - answer chromosomes in prokaryotes - answersingle circular DNA w/ proteins, smaller than DNA of eukaryotes chromosomes in eukaryotes - answermultiple and linear