AP Biology Final Exam Review With Verified Solutions.

AP Biology Final Exam Review With Verified Solutions. Emergent properties - answernew properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases negative feedback - answera mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus positive feedback - answera physiological control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change inductive reasoning - answerreasoning based on observed patterns polymer - answerlarge compound formed from combinations of many monomers hydrolysis - answera chemical process in which a compound is broken down and changed into other compounds by taking up the elements of water enzyme - answerprotein that acts as a biological catalyst phospholipids - answera molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail cellular respiration - answerprocess that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen phosphorylation - answerthe transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. Nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation chemiosmosis - answera process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme. fermentation - answerthe process by which cells break down molecules to release energy without using oxygen gametes - answerreproductive cells, have only half the number of chromosomes as body cells meiosis - answera process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells somatic cell - answercell that makes up all of the body tissues and organs, except gametes crossing over - answerthe interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis transcription - answerprocess in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in mRNA codons - answera three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code. RNA splicing - answerprocess by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together mutations - answerrandom errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides; the source of all genetic diversity repetitive DNA - answernucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are present in many copies in a eukaryotic genome. transposons - answersmall mobile DNA segments homeobox - answerone of various similar homeotic genes that are involved in bodily segmentation during embryonic development genome project - answerResearch and technology development effort aimed at mapping and sequencing some or all of the genome of human beings and other organisms adaptations - answerthe behaviors and physical characteristics that allow organisms to live successfully in their environments natural selection - answerprocess by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully vestigial structures - answerremnant of a structure that may have had an important function in a species' ancestors, but has no clear function in the modern species convergent evolution - answerprocess by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments protists - answersingle-celled or simple multicellular eukaryotic organisms that generally do not fit in any other kingdom diatoms - answerunicellular algae that have a unique glass-like wall made of hydrated silica embedded in an organic matrix ciliates - answera group of protozoans that move by waving tiny, hair-like organelles called cilia amoeba - answerA type of protist characterized by great flexibility and the presence of pseudopodia gastrula - answeran embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm cephalization - answerthe concentration o