lOMoAR cPSD| 32635183
lOMoAR cPSD| 32635183
APEA EURO EXAM REVIEW 2024 TERMS
AND COREECT DEFINATIONS
Cosimo de Medici - supported education and the arts, made many business
connections in Europe
Lorenzo Medici - gave power to the lower classes of Italy, but he let his family business
decline.
Savonorola - bonfire of Vanities and Ruled Florence STRICTLY, later exectued by the
Pope
Petrarch - coined the term renaissance, , (1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He
believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the
development of human civilization.
Pico della Mirandola - Wrote On the Dignity of Man which stated that man was made in
the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-
between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can
accomplish.
Lorenzo Valla - Wrote "On Pleasure" defended the senses of good
Giovanni Bocaccio - Decameron, Federigo's Falcon, timelessness and university,
1300s, Humanism
Castiglione - Wrote "The Courtier" describing all of the major things that a man must
have in order to be a functioning societal person
Machiavellli - Wrote the Prince, a book about using politics as a science. "feared rather
than loved" and "fox and lion"
Desiderius Erasmus - Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading
Renaissance scholar of northern Europe, Dutch humanist and theologian who was the
leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe although his criticisms of the Church
led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther. he wrote
The Praise of Folly, worked for Frobein and translated the New Testament from Greek
to Latin(1466-1536)
Jan Van Eyck - Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting
and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441)
Thomas More - English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of
Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded, He was a English humanist that contributed
, lOMoAR cPSD| 32635183
to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that
represented a revolutionary view of society. (p.437)
Jerome Bosch - He was a Flemish painter whose works display the confusion and
anguish of the end of the Middle Ages. Jerome Bosch frequently used religious themes,
colorful imagery, and grotesque fantasies in his works of art. (p.439)
New Monarchies - Historians' term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain
from 1450 to 1600. The centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less
fixed territorial limits. (p. 414)
Thomas a' Kempis - German ecclesiastic (1380-1471), author of "the imitation of christ";
early northern christian writer who challenged individuals to live a godly life rather than
focus just on knowledge, summarized philosophy of Brothers of the Common Life in
'Imitation of Life', died in 1471, associated with Brethren of the Common Life, He was
the leader of the mystic group known as Modern Devotion
John Wycliffe - (c.1328-1384) Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollardy.
Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope.
Martin Luther - Known by many as the creater or the reformation, he broke away from
the Catholic Church and then later began to question the popes role in the church and
the sale of indulgences.
Frederich the Wise of Saxony - Supporter of Marthin Luther, he hid him from the
Catholic Church when he refused to repent.
Charles V - This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He
was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the
Counter-Reformation
Anabaptists - A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice
regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and
democratic church organization.
Zwingli - Leader of Swiss Reformation. Agreed to disagree with Luther about
communion. He thought it was only a symbol, and that it wasn't Christ's body or blood
untill it touched your mouth, only symbolic. Found on the battlefield of the Swiss Civil
War wounded and the Lutherans found him, cut him up into little pieces, then burn them
and scattered the ashes over the land. Luther said Zwingli got what he deserved.
John Calvin - Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the
irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)
Henry VIII - Creator of the Church of England, he married 6 wives and divorced or had
them killed since none could produce a male heir.
, lOMoAR cPSD| 32635183
Thomas Cromwell - (1485-1540) Became King Henry VII's close advisor following
Cardinal Wolsey's dismissal. He and his contemporary THomas Cranmer convinced the
king to break from Rome and made the Church of England increasingly more
Protestant., (1485-1540) King Henry III's Chief Minister; he confiscated the wealth of the
Catholic church and divided administration according to its functions by creating
seperate departments of state
Elizabeth I - Queen of England from 1558 to 1603, This queen of England chose a
religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church
or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England
ignatius Loyola - Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism,
wrote Spiritual Exercises.
Teresa of Avilla - -symbolized renewal of intense faith
-spanish
-founded her own order of nuns that live in isolation, eat/sleep very little, dedicated life
to prayer and meditation
-canonized: recognized as saint
Vasco da Gama - Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition
from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.
Magellan - Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain
Catherine de Medici - wife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of there father's
rein. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), which was
led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the
Guise Family their own independent army,which they would use to take out the other
religions residing within the French Borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also
the St. Bartholome's Day Massacre.
Henry IV - the first Lancastrian king of England from 1399 to 1413
Philip II - son of Louis VII whose reign as king of France saw wars with the English that
regained control of Normandy and Anjou and most of Poitou (1165-1223)
William of Orange - King of England and Scotland and Ireland
Montaigne - French writer regarded as the originator of the modern essay (1533-1592)
Rubens - prolific Flemish baroque painter
Henry IV - the first Lancastrian king of England from 1399 to 1413
lOMoAR cPSD| 32635183
APEA EURO EXAM REVIEW 2024 TERMS
AND COREECT DEFINATIONS
Cosimo de Medici - supported education and the arts, made many business
connections in Europe
Lorenzo Medici - gave power to the lower classes of Italy, but he let his family business
decline.
Savonorola - bonfire of Vanities and Ruled Florence STRICTLY, later exectued by the
Pope
Petrarch - coined the term renaissance, , (1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He
believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the
development of human civilization.
Pico della Mirandola - Wrote On the Dignity of Man which stated that man was made in
the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. Man is placed in-
between beasts and the angels. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can
accomplish.
Lorenzo Valla - Wrote "On Pleasure" defended the senses of good
Giovanni Bocaccio - Decameron, Federigo's Falcon, timelessness and university,
1300s, Humanism
Castiglione - Wrote "The Courtier" describing all of the major things that a man must
have in order to be a functioning societal person
Machiavellli - Wrote the Prince, a book about using politics as a science. "feared rather
than loved" and "fox and lion"
Desiderius Erasmus - Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading
Renaissance scholar of northern Europe, Dutch humanist and theologian who was the
leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe although his criticisms of the Church
led to the Reformation, he opposed violence and condemned Martin Luther. he wrote
The Praise of Folly, worked for Frobein and translated the New Testament from Greek
to Latin(1466-1536)
Jan Van Eyck - Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting
and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441)
Thomas More - English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of
Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded, He was a English humanist that contributed
, lOMoAR cPSD| 32635183
to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that
represented a revolutionary view of society. (p.437)
Jerome Bosch - He was a Flemish painter whose works display the confusion and
anguish of the end of the Middle Ages. Jerome Bosch frequently used religious themes,
colorful imagery, and grotesque fantasies in his works of art. (p.439)
New Monarchies - Historians' term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain
from 1450 to 1600. The centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less
fixed territorial limits. (p. 414)
Thomas a' Kempis - German ecclesiastic (1380-1471), author of "the imitation of christ";
early northern christian writer who challenged individuals to live a godly life rather than
focus just on knowledge, summarized philosophy of Brothers of the Common Life in
'Imitation of Life', died in 1471, associated with Brethren of the Common Life, He was
the leader of the mystic group known as Modern Devotion
John Wycliffe - (c.1328-1384) Forerunner to the Reformation. Created English Lollardy.
Attacked the corruption of the clergy, and questioned the power of the pope.
Martin Luther - Known by many as the creater or the reformation, he broke away from
the Catholic Church and then later began to question the popes role in the church and
the sale of indulgences.
Frederich the Wise of Saxony - Supporter of Marthin Luther, he hid him from the
Catholic Church when he refused to repent.
Charles V - This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He
was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the
Counter-Reformation
Anabaptists - A Protestant sect that believed only adults could make a free choice
regarding religion; they also advocated pacifism, separation of church and state, and
democratic church organization.
Zwingli - Leader of Swiss Reformation. Agreed to disagree with Luther about
communion. He thought it was only a symbol, and that it wasn't Christ's body or blood
untill it touched your mouth, only symbolic. Found on the battlefield of the Swiss Civil
War wounded and the Lutherans found him, cut him up into little pieces, then burn them
and scattered the ashes over the land. Luther said Zwingli got what he deserved.
John Calvin - Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the
irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)
Henry VIII - Creator of the Church of England, he married 6 wives and divorced or had
them killed since none could produce a male heir.
, lOMoAR cPSD| 32635183
Thomas Cromwell - (1485-1540) Became King Henry VII's close advisor following
Cardinal Wolsey's dismissal. He and his contemporary THomas Cranmer convinced the
king to break from Rome and made the Church of England increasingly more
Protestant., (1485-1540) King Henry III's Chief Minister; he confiscated the wealth of the
Catholic church and divided administration according to its functions by creating
seperate departments of state
Elizabeth I - Queen of England from 1558 to 1603, This queen of England chose a
religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church
or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England
ignatius Loyola - Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism,
wrote Spiritual Exercises.
Teresa of Avilla - -symbolized renewal of intense faith
-spanish
-founded her own order of nuns that live in isolation, eat/sleep very little, dedicated life
to prayer and meditation
-canonized: recognized as saint
Vasco da Gama - Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition
from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.
Magellan - Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain
Catherine de Medici - wife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of there father's
rein. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), which was
led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the
Guise Family their own independent army,which they would use to take out the other
religions residing within the French Borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also
the St. Bartholome's Day Massacre.
Henry IV - the first Lancastrian king of England from 1399 to 1413
Philip II - son of Louis VII whose reign as king of France saw wars with the English that
regained control of Normandy and Anjou and most of Poitou (1165-1223)
William of Orange - King of England and Scotland and Ireland
Montaigne - French writer regarded as the originator of the modern essay (1533-1592)
Rubens - prolific Flemish baroque painter
Henry IV - the first Lancastrian king of England from 1399 to 1413
