Edexcel Chemistry A Level Summary Questions and Study Guide for Exam Preparations. Verified for new Updates

Organic compound Any molecule that contains carbon Hydrocarbons Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen Saturated hydrocarbon A hydrocarbon that has no double bonds Unsaturated hydrocarbon A hydrocarbon that has double bonds Display Formula Shows all of the atoms in the molecule and their arrangements Molecular and Empirical Formula Molecular formula show all of the atoms present in a molecule. The empirical formula shows the nearest whole number ratio Structural formula such as CH3CH2CH3 for propane Skeletal formula Each end of a line is a carbon atom. Any other compounds are added with a small line like the OH. Double bonds are shown by a double line. Homologous series Family of chemical with the same general formula and similar chemical properties E.g. Alkenes are a homologous series with general formula CnH2n Functional group An atom or group of atoms that give the compound some distinctive and predictable properties Nomenclature A way of naming compounds devised by IUPAC Nomenclature: Number of carbons The number of carbons form the base of the name of n organic compound: - Meth - 1 - Eth - 2 - Prop - 3 - But - 4 - Pent - 5 - Hex - 6 - Hept - 7 - Oct - 8 - Non - 9 - Dec - 10 Nomenclature: Prefixes and Suffixes Bromo prefix means with bromine (same pattern for other halides) Ol suffix means alcohol Methyl prefix means a branch of methane Nomenclature: Multiplying prefixes Two or more identical groups is shown by a prefix such as di or tri Nomenclature: Locants Where atoms and groups have different positions on a molecule numbers and hyphens are used to show where. You always count from the longest chain. E.g. 2-. If the same atom/s is in two different places you put commas between the numbers. E.g. 1,2- chain isomerism (structural) refers to molecules with different carbon chains. position isomerism Same molecular formula functional group in different position on the same carbon chain. Sterioisomerism Stereoisomers have: The same molecular formul