12 mark
Examine the effectiveness of the use of hard and soft power
I- hard power can be used to generate fear
D- often involves military intervention
Exerts existing influence
Used between superpowers and emerging powers
E- US and China holding rival drills in the South China sea
Sanctions on Russia by the West
A- whilst this can be used to exert existing influence can lead to reduction of influence in
IGOs
Russia invasion of Ukraine resulted in economic sanctions
Less effective when used by peripheral states
Thucydides trap
I- soft power can lead to lucrative opportunities for states and influence on international order
D- diplomacy can encourage involvement in institutions like the UN
Engaging with the ICC can increase global standard
Encourages collaboration and maintenance of individual freedom (Locke)
E- China’s investment in Belt and Road initiative has massively contributed to global
authority
The UK’s membership of the ICC allows it to exert soft power when its losing its global hard
power
A- ineffective when it comes to real conflict- largest superpowers (China, Russia, US) not
even ratified Rome statute
,Examine the criticisms of the use of hard and soft power in global politics
I- Hard power can lead to international conflict
D- Thucydides trap
offensive realism
Machiavellian state of nature
E- Russia-Ukraine conflict resulted in economic sanctions
UK and US air strikes on Houthi after disruption to trade routes
A- defensive realism, power balance can lead to long term stability (US hegemony)
I- Soft power is too weak
D- Realist’s argue states are self-interested actors
Stability cannot be maintained through law as the global society is anarchical
E- Diplomacy in Israel-Palestine was unable to prevent Israel attacks on Rafah
A- anarchical society of states theory dictates that the creation of international norms can
lead to greater cooperation and prevent international conflict
,Examine the differences between great powers and superpowers
I- Great powers do not dominate other great powers
D- Have structural and regional influence
On far-reaching IGOs
Relations with other great powers
Superpowers can impose authority on great powers through their military and structural
dominance
E- Trump condemned NATO members for not spending enough money on NATO
EU unable to dictate the UK’s actions (Brexit)
A- soft influence of some superpowers is limited - China and Russia prioritise hard power
I- Superpowers have economic, diplomatic, cultural and military influence
D- invest in all forms of global influence
Engage with institutions and diplomacy whilst also allocating large proportions of GDP on
military
Great powers struggle to exert all forms of influence, limited by more dominant superpowers
E- US controls economic institutions, UNSC member, has lots of media exports (superbowl)
and 800 military bases
India has a large military but limited diplomatic influence
A- UK does have lots of influence, heightened by membership of NATO (alongside lots of
other European countries)
, Examine the tensions between established powers and emerging powers
I- established powers often dominate through their diplomatic and cultural influence
D- long term influence, often previously colonial nations
World systems theory
As they have been active participants in IGOs for long time, it increases their influence
Emerging powers often exert influence through economic and military influence
E- UK and EU are very diplomatic, existence of EU highlights this
Assert each others authority through their integration
India has the second largest military in the world
A- Turkey is an example of a country which uses diplomatic influence
Emerging powers are becoming increasingly integrated with one another
I- emerging powers can be seen as more aggressive
D- attempt to reassert global authority
Differing political ideology (authoritarianism) often leads to more aggressive behaviour
Machiavellian state of nature- thucydides trap
E- Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is a result of NATO expansion- Russia wants to assert its
military dominance
A- Brazil and India seem to use their cultural and regional dominance to assert authority
Russia could be seen as declining great power
Examine the effectiveness of the use of hard and soft power
I- hard power can be used to generate fear
D- often involves military intervention
Exerts existing influence
Used between superpowers and emerging powers
E- US and China holding rival drills in the South China sea
Sanctions on Russia by the West
A- whilst this can be used to exert existing influence can lead to reduction of influence in
IGOs
Russia invasion of Ukraine resulted in economic sanctions
Less effective when used by peripheral states
Thucydides trap
I- soft power can lead to lucrative opportunities for states and influence on international order
D- diplomacy can encourage involvement in institutions like the UN
Engaging with the ICC can increase global standard
Encourages collaboration and maintenance of individual freedom (Locke)
E- China’s investment in Belt and Road initiative has massively contributed to global
authority
The UK’s membership of the ICC allows it to exert soft power when its losing its global hard
power
A- ineffective when it comes to real conflict- largest superpowers (China, Russia, US) not
even ratified Rome statute
,Examine the criticisms of the use of hard and soft power in global politics
I- Hard power can lead to international conflict
D- Thucydides trap
offensive realism
Machiavellian state of nature
E- Russia-Ukraine conflict resulted in economic sanctions
UK and US air strikes on Houthi after disruption to trade routes
A- defensive realism, power balance can lead to long term stability (US hegemony)
I- Soft power is too weak
D- Realist’s argue states are self-interested actors
Stability cannot be maintained through law as the global society is anarchical
E- Diplomacy in Israel-Palestine was unable to prevent Israel attacks on Rafah
A- anarchical society of states theory dictates that the creation of international norms can
lead to greater cooperation and prevent international conflict
,Examine the differences between great powers and superpowers
I- Great powers do not dominate other great powers
D- Have structural and regional influence
On far-reaching IGOs
Relations with other great powers
Superpowers can impose authority on great powers through their military and structural
dominance
E- Trump condemned NATO members for not spending enough money on NATO
EU unable to dictate the UK’s actions (Brexit)
A- soft influence of some superpowers is limited - China and Russia prioritise hard power
I- Superpowers have economic, diplomatic, cultural and military influence
D- invest in all forms of global influence
Engage with institutions and diplomacy whilst also allocating large proportions of GDP on
military
Great powers struggle to exert all forms of influence, limited by more dominant superpowers
E- US controls economic institutions, UNSC member, has lots of media exports (superbowl)
and 800 military bases
India has a large military but limited diplomatic influence
A- UK does have lots of influence, heightened by membership of NATO (alongside lots of
other European countries)
, Examine the tensions between established powers and emerging powers
I- established powers often dominate through their diplomatic and cultural influence
D- long term influence, often previously colonial nations
World systems theory
As they have been active participants in IGOs for long time, it increases their influence
Emerging powers often exert influence through economic and military influence
E- UK and EU are very diplomatic, existence of EU highlights this
Assert each others authority through their integration
India has the second largest military in the world
A- Turkey is an example of a country which uses diplomatic influence
Emerging powers are becoming increasingly integrated with one another
I- emerging powers can be seen as more aggressive
D- attempt to reassert global authority
Differing political ideology (authoritarianism) often leads to more aggressive behaviour
Machiavellian state of nature- thucydides trap
E- Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is a result of NATO expansion- Russia wants to assert its
military dominance
A- Brazil and India seem to use their cultural and regional dominance to assert authority
Russia could be seen as declining great power
