MIDTERM EXAM STUDY GUIDE - APHY
102
What is a hormone and how does it act? - ANS-Hormones are chemical messengers
that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It
has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors
for that particular hormone.
What is the role of negative feedback in control of hormone secretions. -
ANS-"hormonal homeostasis"
Paracrine glands - ANS-secrete into the local extracellular space
Autocrine glands - ANS-affect only the secreting cell
endocrine glands - ANS-Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the
bloodstream
exocrine glands - ANS-secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other
organs or out of the body
Where can the different endocrine glands be found in the body? - ANS-Pineal gland,
pituitary and hypothalamus, thyroid and parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands,
and ovary/testes
Describe steroid hormones and their mechanism of action. - ANS-a steroid that acts as
a hormone;diffuse through the cell membrane of the target cell.
Describe non-steroid hormones and their mechanism of action. - ANS-They are amino
acid, peptides & protein hormones;produce their effect on target tissues by binding to
the receptors.
How is the anterior pituitary gland different than the posterior pituitary gland? - ANS-
What regulates pituitary gland secretion? - ANS-
Describe tropic hormones. - ANS-stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones
, Insulin vs Glucagon - ANS-released by pancreas; lower blood sugar vs raise blood
sugar
clinical conditions related to endocrine disorders - ANS-Diabetes
How does the stress response affect the body? - ANS-
How does aging affect the endocrine system? - ANS-As people get older, their
endocrine glands decrease in size, muscular strength decreases as GH levels
decrease, ADH levels increase due to slower breakdown in liver & kidneys. Calcitonin
levels decrease, and insulin resistance may develop.
Describe the components of blood. - ANS-plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells,
platelets
Compare the formed elements of the blood. - ANS-RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act
together to maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's tissues, WBCs fight
infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds that occur.
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC? - ANS-4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood.
How is the shape of a red blood cell important to its function? - ANS-
What is hematocrit? - ANS-the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume
of blood
Differentiate between the different leukocytes (WBCs). - ANS-
serum versus plasma - ANS-
How are platelets involved in hemostasis? - ANS-
Describe the steps in clot formation. - ANS-Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
102
What is a hormone and how does it act? - ANS-Hormones are chemical messengers
that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It
has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors
for that particular hormone.
What is the role of negative feedback in control of hormone secretions. -
ANS-"hormonal homeostasis"
Paracrine glands - ANS-secrete into the local extracellular space
Autocrine glands - ANS-affect only the secreting cell
endocrine glands - ANS-Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the
bloodstream
exocrine glands - ANS-secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other
organs or out of the body
Where can the different endocrine glands be found in the body? - ANS-Pineal gland,
pituitary and hypothalamus, thyroid and parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands,
and ovary/testes
Describe steroid hormones and their mechanism of action. - ANS-a steroid that acts as
a hormone;diffuse through the cell membrane of the target cell.
Describe non-steroid hormones and their mechanism of action. - ANS-They are amino
acid, peptides & protein hormones;produce their effect on target tissues by binding to
the receptors.
How is the anterior pituitary gland different than the posterior pituitary gland? - ANS-
What regulates pituitary gland secretion? - ANS-
Describe tropic hormones. - ANS-stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones
, Insulin vs Glucagon - ANS-released by pancreas; lower blood sugar vs raise blood
sugar
clinical conditions related to endocrine disorders - ANS-Diabetes
How does the stress response affect the body? - ANS-
How does aging affect the endocrine system? - ANS-As people get older, their
endocrine glands decrease in size, muscular strength decreases as GH levels
decrease, ADH levels increase due to slower breakdown in liver & kidneys. Calcitonin
levels decrease, and insulin resistance may develop.
Describe the components of blood. - ANS-plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells,
platelets
Compare the formed elements of the blood. - ANS-RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act
together to maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's tissues, WBCs fight
infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds that occur.
What are normal levels and percentages of RBC? - ANS-4,600,000-6,200,000 in males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood.
How is the shape of a red blood cell important to its function? - ANS-
What is hematocrit? - ANS-the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume
of blood
Differentiate between the different leukocytes (WBCs). - ANS-
serum versus plasma - ANS-
How are platelets involved in hemostasis? - ANS-
Describe the steps in clot formation. - ANS-Hemostasis - the stoppage of bleeding.
1. Blood vessel spasm - smooth muscle in blood vessel contracts
2. Platelet plug formation:
a. break in vessel wall
b. blood escapes through break
