MCAT Biology – Reproduction Exam Questions and Answers

MCAT Biology – Reproduction Exam Questions and Answers Autosomal Cells - Correct Answer️️ -Contain diploid (2n) number of chromosomes (46 for humans) Haploid - Correct Answer️️ -Contain n number of chromosomes (23 for humans) Cell Cycle - Correct Answer️️ -Series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide. Divided into Interphase (G₁, S, and G₂) and mitosis (Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase). "I Pee (on the) M.A.T." Interphase - Correct Answer️️ -A period between two mitotic or meiotic divisions during which the cell grows and synthesizes proteins (G₁), copies its DNA (S), and prepares to divide (G₂) Chromatin - Correct Answer️️ -The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope. chromatids - Correct Answer️️ -Identical *chromosome copies* held together by a centromere, formed during the S-Phase of Interphase. Mitosis - Correct Answer️️ -in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase. "I Pee (on the) M.A.T." Centrioles - Correct Answer️️ -Paired, specialized subcellular organelles located in the centrosome. Responsible for correct division of DNA during mitosis. During prophase, they migrate to opposite poles of the cell and form spindle fibers, made from micotubules. Each fiber radiates outward from the centrioles, giving the chromosomes an attachment point during anaphase. Prophase - Correct Answer️️ --First and longest phase of mitosis -Chromosomes become visible (condense) -Centrioles separate, with spindle apparatus forming between them. -Nuclear membrane dissolves -Nucleoli become less distinct or disapear -Kinetochore fibers appear at centormere Metaphase - Correct Answer️️ --Centrioles are at opposite pole of the cell -Kinetochore fibers interact with spindle fibers, aligning chromosomes at the equatorial plate Anaphase - Correct Answer️️ --Centromeres split (each chromatid has own centromere), separating sister chromatids -Kinetochore fibers shorten, pulling the sister chromatids apart to opposite poles of the cell Telophase - Correct Answer️️ --The chromatids, now considered individual chromosomes, arrive at the poles. -Nuclear membrane reforms -Chromosome uncoil -Cytokinesis takes place Cytokinesis - Correct Answer️️ -The final stage of the cell cycle, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides, distributing the organelles into each of the two new cells. Binary Fission - Correct Answer️️ -a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size; no genetic diversity Budding - Correct Answer️️ -Asexual reproduction in which a part of the parent organism pinches off and forms a new organism. Equal replication followed by unequal cytokinesis. Regeneration - Correct Answer️️ -replacement or regrowth of missing body parts by mitosis Parthenogensis - Correct Answer️️ -Type of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from an unfertilized egg. I.e. Male bees form from unfertilized eggs Sexual reproduction - Correct Answer️️ -Process in which genetic material from two parents combines and produces offspring that differ genetically from either parent. Gamates - Correct Answer️️ -Specialized sex cells produced durin