Exam 1 - ARCH244
Catal Huyuk [Anatolia] c. 6500-5700 BCE - ANS-Farming community; earliest known
town to demonstrate some regularity of planning; houses are adjoined, accessed
through the top, and are made of mud brick and timber
Megalith Tomb [Er-Mane, Carnac, France] c. 4200 BCE - ANS-early example of
corbelled construction, stones are laid in mortar; placed in specific alignment with sun
Neolithic Houses [Banpo, China] c. 3500 BCE - ANS-show shallow timber foundations;
houses commonly round or square
Newgrange Passage Grave [County Meath, Ireland] c. 3100 BCE - ANS-example of
megalith tomb; used to honor dead but also claim land for family; at winter solstice, light
penetrates deep enough to illuminate interior chamber; interior stone work decorated
with patterns
Stonehenge [Salisbury Plain, England] c. 2900-1400 BCE - ANS-likely a kind of
astronomical observatory; consists of lintels and trilithons
Lintel - ANS-A horizontal beam used to span an opening, which carries the weight of the
wall above it (usually of steel, stone, or wood)
Trilithon - ANS-A pair of monoliths topped with a lintel; found in megalithic structures
White Temple [Uruk] c. 3500-3000 BCE - ANS-built with mud brick due to no stone
access
Ziggurat [Ur] c. 2100 BCE - ANS-Mesopotamian temples that rose in from three to
seven stages, diminishing in area and often in height; built of mud brick and faced with
baked brick; highest level was a shrine only accessed by high officials
Palace of Sargon II [Khorsabad, Assyria] c. 720 BCE - ANS-
Ishtar Gate [Babylon] c. 612-539 BCE - ANS-highly colorful and decorated; entrance to
babylon
, Palace [Persepolis, Persia] c. 538 BCE - ANS-shows influence of various conquered
cultures (like columns borrowed by Egyptians); comparable to the Palace of Sargon;
intensely decorated
Step Pyramid - Imhotep [Saqqara, Egypt] c. 2630 BCE - ANS-earliest pyramid based on
stacking of mastabas; royal tombs
Onion Pyramid [Meidum, Egypt] c. 2640-2250 BCE - ANS-
Bent Pyramid [Dashur, Egypt] c. 2723 BCE - ANS-original slope would not have
supported the entire pyramid, so slope was changed partway though, giving it the
impression of being bent
Pyramids of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure [Giza, Egypt] c. 2550-2460 BCE -
ANS-Khafre is the only one to have retained its top casing of stone
Temple of Mentuhotep [Deir-el-Bahari, Egypt] c. 2061-2010 BCE - ANS-1 of 2 main
structures of mortuary complex at Deir-el-Bahari
Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut [Deir-el-Bahari, Egypt] c. 1473-58 BCE - ANS-2
of 2 main structures of mortuary complex at Deir-el-Bahari; columns
Temple of Ramses II [Abu Simbel, Egypt] c. 1285-1255 BCE - ANS-rock cut-tomb (built
into mountain)
Temple of Amen-Re [Karnak, Egypt] c. 1550-1224 BCE - ANS-celebrated more for size
than architectural significance; clerestory windows
Bas-relief - ANS-carving in shallow relief on a flat background
Clerestory - ANS-an upper zone of wall pierced with windows that admit light to the
center of a lofty room
Hypostyle Hall - ANS-a large space with a flat roof supported by rows of columns
densely arranged creating a forest-like appearance
Mastaba - ANS-a freestanding tomb from ancient Egypt, consisting of a rectangular
structure with inclined sides, from the top of which a shaft leads to underground burial
chambers
Catal Huyuk [Anatolia] c. 6500-5700 BCE - ANS-Farming community; earliest known
town to demonstrate some regularity of planning; houses are adjoined, accessed
through the top, and are made of mud brick and timber
Megalith Tomb [Er-Mane, Carnac, France] c. 4200 BCE - ANS-early example of
corbelled construction, stones are laid in mortar; placed in specific alignment with sun
Neolithic Houses [Banpo, China] c. 3500 BCE - ANS-show shallow timber foundations;
houses commonly round or square
Newgrange Passage Grave [County Meath, Ireland] c. 3100 BCE - ANS-example of
megalith tomb; used to honor dead but also claim land for family; at winter solstice, light
penetrates deep enough to illuminate interior chamber; interior stone work decorated
with patterns
Stonehenge [Salisbury Plain, England] c. 2900-1400 BCE - ANS-likely a kind of
astronomical observatory; consists of lintels and trilithons
Lintel - ANS-A horizontal beam used to span an opening, which carries the weight of the
wall above it (usually of steel, stone, or wood)
Trilithon - ANS-A pair of monoliths topped with a lintel; found in megalithic structures
White Temple [Uruk] c. 3500-3000 BCE - ANS-built with mud brick due to no stone
access
Ziggurat [Ur] c. 2100 BCE - ANS-Mesopotamian temples that rose in from three to
seven stages, diminishing in area and often in height; built of mud brick and faced with
baked brick; highest level was a shrine only accessed by high officials
Palace of Sargon II [Khorsabad, Assyria] c. 720 BCE - ANS-
Ishtar Gate [Babylon] c. 612-539 BCE - ANS-highly colorful and decorated; entrance to
babylon
, Palace [Persepolis, Persia] c. 538 BCE - ANS-shows influence of various conquered
cultures (like columns borrowed by Egyptians); comparable to the Palace of Sargon;
intensely decorated
Step Pyramid - Imhotep [Saqqara, Egypt] c. 2630 BCE - ANS-earliest pyramid based on
stacking of mastabas; royal tombs
Onion Pyramid [Meidum, Egypt] c. 2640-2250 BCE - ANS-
Bent Pyramid [Dashur, Egypt] c. 2723 BCE - ANS-original slope would not have
supported the entire pyramid, so slope was changed partway though, giving it the
impression of being bent
Pyramids of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure [Giza, Egypt] c. 2550-2460 BCE -
ANS-Khafre is the only one to have retained its top casing of stone
Temple of Mentuhotep [Deir-el-Bahari, Egypt] c. 2061-2010 BCE - ANS-1 of 2 main
structures of mortuary complex at Deir-el-Bahari
Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut [Deir-el-Bahari, Egypt] c. 1473-58 BCE - ANS-2
of 2 main structures of mortuary complex at Deir-el-Bahari; columns
Temple of Ramses II [Abu Simbel, Egypt] c. 1285-1255 BCE - ANS-rock cut-tomb (built
into mountain)
Temple of Amen-Re [Karnak, Egypt] c. 1550-1224 BCE - ANS-celebrated more for size
than architectural significance; clerestory windows
Bas-relief - ANS-carving in shallow relief on a flat background
Clerestory - ANS-an upper zone of wall pierced with windows that admit light to the
center of a lofty room
Hypostyle Hall - ANS-a large space with a flat roof supported by rows of columns
densely arranged creating a forest-like appearance
Mastaba - ANS-a freestanding tomb from ancient Egypt, consisting of a rectangular
structure with inclined sides, from the top of which a shaft leads to underground burial
chambers
