Community Development Exam 1 Study Guide (2024 correct Q&A)

Community Development Exam 1 Study Guide (2024 correct Q&A) Why are the social sciences helpful in studying community development? - The social sciences are helpful because they develop and provide a holistic, multidisciplinary perspective Which perspective are the social sciences concerned with, which benefits community development? - The emic perspective (insider) How is community defined? - A group of people with diverse characteristics who are united by social ties, share common perspectives, and engage in joint action in geographical locations and settings. What are the 5 core concepts of community? - 1. Locus (sense of place) 2. Sharing 3. Joint Action 4. Social Ties 5. Diversity What are the three definitions of development that Sumner gives? - - Development as a long-term process of structural societal transformation - Development as a short-to-medium term outcome of desirable targets - Development as a dominant discourse of western modernity What are the main ideas of "Development as a long-term process of structural societal transformation"? - - Focused on process of structural societal change - Historical outlook - Long term outlook What are the main ideas of "Development as a short-to-medium term outcome of desirable targets"? - - Focused on the outcomes of change so that it has a relatively short-term outlook - Some deem it "ahistorical" What is the main idea of "Development as a dominant discourse of western modernity"? - It is based on the view that development has consisted of 'bad' change and 'bad' outcomes through the imposition of Western ethnocentric notions of development upon the Third World In chapter two, Sumner talks about how development workers plays three roles. What are they? - - Detectives (data collection, data analysis, and data interpretation) - Translators (reframing given ideas for diverse groups) - Diplomats (negotiation, conflict mediation, and deal making) In chapter three, Sumner talks about three different positions for development workers in regard to "What we can know". What are the three positions? - Positivism, realism, and relativism What is 'reality' for each of Sumner's three positions for "what we can know"? - Positivism: There is one reality, which is observable Realism: There is a reality which exists independently of the researcher and which can be described Relativism: There are multiple realities, which can be experienced What are the five "Christian" views of the poor? - 1. Made in the image of God 2. People in rebellion 3. Christ incarnate 4. God's favorites 5. Lost souls Why does our stated (or unstated) understanding of poverty matter? - Because our understanding defines our response What are some examples of our understanding of poverty shaping our response? - - Lack of things = Give them stuff - Poor are sinners = Evangelism and uplift - Poor are sinned against = social justice; change the system - Lack of knowledge = education - Culture is flawed = Become like us What is the Basic Needs Approach to understanding poverty? - The Basic Needs Approach aims to fulfill the unmet basic needs of the poor (food, water, shelter) - Identifies a need - Provides a service - People as consumers - Focus is on programs What is Chambers' theory called? - Poverty as Entanglement What are the five areas that Chambers points out which entangle the poor? - 1. Material (lack of things) 2. Physical (lack of strength or too many dependents) 3. Vulnerable (lack of reserves or lack of choices) 4. Isolation (lack of credit, lack of education, excluded from system) 5. Powerlessness (lack of influence, lack of social power, exploited by power) What are critiques of Chambers' theory? - - A problem in one area means a problem in another - Missing the impact of spiritual poverty - Doesn't recognize agency of the people What is Friedman's theory called? - Poverty as social/political powerlessness How does Friedman define poverty? - Disconnection from key spaces to connect them to the global economic space