MCAT Biology High Yield Revision Paper with complete solutions for 2024/2025

What are eukaryotic cells? - AnsThey have membrane-bound organelles, a nucleus, and may form multi-cellular organisms • The cytosol of the cell allows for what? - AnsSuspension of organelles and diffusion of molecules throughout the cell • The nucleus contains what? - AnsChromosomes • What is the nucleus surrounded by? - AnsNuclear envelope • What are the coding regions of DNA? - AnsGenes • Where is rRNA synthesized? - AnsIn the nucleolus • The inner membrane of the mitochondria is folded into what? - AnsCristae • What does the inner membrane of the mitochondria contain? - AnsEnzymes for the electron transport chain • How can mitochondria trigger apoptosis? - AnsBy releasing mitochondrial enzymes into the cytoplasm • What is the function of lysosomes? - AnsThey break down substances invested by the cell (via endocytosis) and cell waste using hydrolytic enzymes • What is autolysis? - AnsRelease of hydrolytic enzymes of the lysosome, causing degradation of the cell • What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum? - AnsA series of interconnected membranes and is continuous with the nuclear envelope • What is the function of rough ER? - AnsThe ribosomes embedded within it permit translation of proteins destined for secretion • What is the function of smooth ER? - AnsLipid synthesis and detoxification • What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus? - AnsStacked membrane bound sacs • What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? - AnsModifies, packages, and directs cellular products to specific cellular locations • What is the function peroxisomes? - AnsBreak down long fatty acids via beta-oxidation, participate in phospholipid synthesis, and pentose phosphate pathway. • What is the function of the cytoskeleton? - AnsProvide stability, rigidity to the overall structure of the cell, and transport pathways for molecules within the cell • What are the three components of the cytoskeleton? - AnsMicrofilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments • What are microfilaments composed of? - AnsActin • What is the function of microfilaments? - AnsStructural protection, interact with myosin to cause muscle contractions, and help form the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis • What are microtubules made up of? - AnsTubulin • What is the function of microtubules? - AnsCreate pathways for motor proteins, and contribute to structure of cilia and flagella. • What is the function of intermediate filaments